tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87814579613188108612024-03-13T15:08:00.787-07:00Freedom writers essayEnglish 10 Persuasive Essay TopicsEverlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-30313860811053624642020-08-27T21:12:00.001-07:002020-08-27T21:12:08.201-07:00Discussion of Ias 17 LeasesPropelled Accounting Theory & Practice Assignment: Discussion of IAS 17 Leases Huixuan HUANG Student ID: 500284151 Module Organizer: Colin Bradley Words Count: 1964 words Date of Submission: seventeenth April, 2012 Discussion of IAS 17 Leases Introduction Accounting for renting is continually being an intriguing issue. The standard setters of IAS 17 experienced a lot of debate when they attempted to quit charging all rent installments to the pay statement.In this article, right off the bat, I will bring up the key highlights of the flow IAS 17 with its impact on General Electric Company for illustrative model. At that point I will investigator the improvement of IAS 17 and its subordinate method of reasoning. At long last, the reactions of the standard will for the most part be examined, trailed by the short discussion of proposed new renting norm. Key highlights with model IAS 17 means to endorse the suitable bookkeeping treatment and divulgence to apply in rented things, fo r example, property, plant and gear for the two residents (the client) and lessors (the supplier).First of all, IAS 17 characterizes a rent as ââ¬Å"an understanding whereby the lessor passes on to the tenant as an end-result of an installment or arrangement of installments the option to utilize a benefit for a concurred time of timeâ⬠(IAS 17) and afterward the standard grouped a rent as money rent if ââ¬Å"a rent that move considerably all the dangers and prizes accidental to responsibility for assetâ⬠(IAS 17). Every single other rent are recognized as working leases. It is the most noticeable element of IAS 17.Clearly, the order of a rent, disregarding the authoritative document of course of action, relies upon the substance of the exchange rather, which implies it focus on the ââ¬Å"risks and rewardsâ⬠connected with proprietorship rest with either the tenant or the lessor. IAS 17 gives five essential circumstances in detail as pointers which would regularly b e seen as a fund rent. Furthermore, the land component and the structures component ought to be typically considered independently while recognizing a rent. The base rent installments are allotted between the components of the rent corresponding to their relative reasonable qualities at the incipiency of the lease.Of course, IAS 17 requires diverse representing working leases and fund leases. On account of working leases, as the tenant doesn't bear the dangers and awards of possession, the yearly rents installment are just perceives on a straight-line premise over the rent term as a cost through the salary explanation. In any case, for money leases, tenants are required to list rented things as a benefit in their fiscal summaries alongside a related commitment for future installments to the lessor. It implies it isn't permitted to leave the rented resource and rent commitment out of the equalization sheet.Finance leases must be promoted in the lesseeââ¬â¢s accounts. Take General Electric Company for instance. As a renter in working leases, GE perceives the rent installment as a cost on a straight-line premise over the rent term. Their rental cost under working leases is appeared as following. Refered to from GE Annual report 2011 At December 31, 2011, least rental under working leases for GE and GECS collected $2,387 million and$2,119 million, separately. Sums payable in the following five years follow. Refered to from GE Annual report 2011As a lessor in working leases, it presents these advantages in articulations of monetary situation as per the idea of the benefit. The devaluation strategy for rented resources is predictable with GEââ¬â¢s ordinary deterioration strategy for comparative resources. Rent income from working leases is perceived in pay on a straight-line premise over the rent term. GECS incomes from gear rented to others were $11,343 million out of 2011 and$11,116 million out of 2010. As IAS 17 requires, under fund leases, GECS perceive re sources in monetary record and present them as financing receivables at a sum equivalent to the net interest in lease.Its interest in account leases incorporates direct financing and utilized leases of airplane, railroad moving stock, transportation gear, clinical hardware, business land, business gear and offices, and so on. Net interest in financing leases is following: Cited from GE Annual report 2011 According to IAS 17, numerous huge companied, for example, GE need to change over their working leases to back leases. Such a change brings about expanding on both current liabilities and absolute liabilities.These increments may have huge ramifications for money related investigation. Improvement of IAS 17 and its hidden reason The development in the renting business got enormous in 1970s, which means renting had been a huge monetary asset. In any case, went with the development in wobbly sheet financing, renting in notoriety prompted an issue that companiesââ¬â¢ fiscal summarie s were appeared to be twisted by the bookkeeping treatment of renting exchange. Hence, they didn't show a valid and reasonable view about their business exercises by money related reports.Like numerous different principles, pressing activity was required as there was no consistency in rewarding and unveiling the rent exchanges to forestall controlled bookkeeping message happening. IAS 17 end up being disputable bookkeeping guidelines. Time saw the degree of the contention. Initially, IAS 17 was distributed in September 1982 by the IASC and reconsidered in December 1997. In December 2003, it was reexamined again and given by the IASB. In April 2009, a revision about the characterization if land leases as a piece of the Annual Improvements to IFRSs as made to IAS. At that point the modified IAS 17 remains impact to now. The ASC in the UK communicated a worry that the standard may prompt bothersome financial results by lessening the amount of renting and that the tenant firmââ¬â¢s o utfitting may be influenced disadvantageously by the incorporation of the rent duty. In any case, ââ¬Å"in the occasion, the business purposes behind renting and the limit of the renting business to structure rent understandings to bypass the standard forestalled a decrease in rent activity.Evidence of lessors changing the term of the rent understandings to guarantee that they stayed shaky sheet is upheld by Cranfield and by Abdel-Khalik et al. â⬠(2008, Elliott, B. also, Elliott, J. ) In current IAS 17, the rented things that significantly moved the dangers and compensation to the tenant ought to be accounted for in the budget summaries. The standard requires money leases to be promoted. The benefit and risk ought to be brought onto the announcement of money related position. Reactions of IAS 17Unfortunately, there are solid reactions brought up corresponding to the current IAS 17S by protections controllers, proficient bookkeepers and other invested individuals. The fundament al reactions center around the disappointment of the current bookkeeping model to address the issues of budgetary investigation for clients of fiscal report. Usually, speculators and different clients of fiscal reports think working leases produce resources and liabilities so they routinely alter the perceived adds up to perceive the advantages and liabilities in order to offer remark the impact of rent contracts in benefit or loss.However, there are inadequacies in the data on renting bookkeeping in the current IAS 17. It can't give a total image of a companyââ¬â¢s renting exercises and is hard to analyze elements one another. Similarly critically, existing IAS 17 could give chances to structure renting exchanges whereby rent agreements can be worked with a specific goal in mind so as to accomplish a specific rent characterization and lead to a specific result. For example, a rent agreement could be created so that it isn't as per any brilliant line pointers of IAS 17.Consequent ly, it is named a working lease so as to acquire a monetary wellspring of unrecognized financing and in this way accomplishes a specific capital structure. Additionally, the two diverse bookkeeping models for leases may prompt altogether different bookkeeping treatment for comparative exchanges. This additionally diminishes likeness for clients of fiscal reports. A few pundits of IAS 17 have called attention to another issue that the current bookkeeping model is thoughtfully lacking. IAS 17 just recognizes as liabilities commitments due under fund leases, not those under working leases.Specifically, showing up at a rent contract, the resident gets the option to utilize the rented gear, which satisfies the boardââ¬â¢s meaning of an advantage. Likewise, the commitment of the resident to pay rentals additionally meets the meaning of an obligation. Notwithstanding, the privilege and commitment are not perceived in the event that we recognize the rent as a working lease. Likewise, boo kkeeping model for leases growingly varies from other legally binding courses of action, which offers ascend to conflicting bookkeeping between rent game plans and comparable game plans that are not characterized as rent arrangements.Besides, chiefs and evaluators have grumbled about multifaceted nature of the current bookkeeping model. Particularly, it is hard to characterize a qualification line between fund rents and working leases in hypothetical manner. Subsequently, the gauges utilize splendid line tests and a blend of emotional judgment, which is difficult to actualize. Fate of IAS 17ââ¬Ã¢â¬Draft ED/2010/09 In March 2009, a joint conversation paper on leases gave by the IASB and the FASB. The goal of this undertaking is to address and improve those insufficiencies in IAS 17.On 17 August 2010, the presentation draft, Draft ED/2010/09, was distributed to set out a proposition for another IFRS on leases. There are in excess of 700 remark letters got on it. A re-presentation i s normal in the second quarter in 2012. The board intend to give the new standard after 1 January 2013. The ED would address the clear shortcomings in the current norm and the proposition would prompt a signi Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-61466378548445286152020-08-22T13:14:00.001-07:002020-08-22T13:14:06.143-07:00Children families and communities Out-_ of-_ Home Care of Children EssayKids families and networks Out-_ of-_ Home Care of Children (Foster Care) - Essay Example The essential point of individuals who run the Foster Care homes is to furnish the kid with a lasting home with caring guardians, regardless of reunification or reception. Kids who are started into Foster Care homes incorporate youngsters who are ignored and mishandled and essentially don't encounter a solid and safe emotionally supportive network in their lives. Such kids have genuine physical and mental issues, yet additionally have a negative demeanor towards life. There is a steady danger to a childââ¬â¢s characteristic improvement which unquestionably incurs significant damage if help isn't rendered in time. It isn't just essential to take a youngster to Foster Care during the beginning times when the development of the mind is generally dynamic, however it is likewise imperative that the kid has a positive encounter and a decent recuperating process while in Foster Care. In this specific circumstance, Welfare frameworks assume a fundamental job in the life of a kid as it hel ps in recuperating the harm achieved by misuse and disregard, just as it assumes a significant job in the childââ¬â¢s improvement by offering far reaching types of assistance. Current Effectiveness of Child Welfare Systems Internationally, for as far back as decade, there has been incredible improvement, in the arrangements and works on including kid security. As indicated by Lonne, Parton, Thomson, and Harries, (2009) Welfare frameworks are getting ââ¬Ëgreater acknowledgment of the significance of preventive, family â⬠centered supportââ¬â¢. The change realized is reflected in progressing endeavors to expand the idea of assurance rehearses through kid focused direction in government assistance. Projects, for example, early mediations for both the youngster just as family needs have been presented. Early mediation arrangements and projects help to diminish the powerlessness of the kid just as the family and furthermore help to reduce expenses before further harm is finis hed. Furthermore, Secondary help projects, for example, Healthy Families (US) Sure Start (UK) and Stronger Families and Communities Strategy and Brighter Futures (Australia) are actualized to make social mindfulness about the significance of early intercessions. Continuous research is likewise being done in the field of kid insurance, by method of advancement of a scope of evaluation apparatuses that serve to lessen the realized hazard factors which thus help to reinforce and bolster the defensive variables including the youngster just as the family. As per Stern (2002) such factors serve to ââ¬Ëachieve alluring preventive impacts for youngsters and families.ââ¬â¢ Cashmore (2009) firmly feels that however significant choices are taken by experts who offer their master guidance on the issues of kids in care, yet family and network assume an essential job in tending to these worries and discovering answers for these issues. Family bunch gatherings are a lot of supportive on the grounds that it enables the family who in any case needs to depend on experts to sift through their issues. Besides, as indicated by Cashmore (2009) family bunch conferencing assists with building trust between the youngster, family and network and diminish the upsetting circumstance to the base. Judy Cashmore (2009) accepts that such family bunch gatherings are critical as they help to bridle trust and confidence between the youngster, family and network and consequently fabricate more grounded connections among themselves that thus Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-41380998409665736162020-08-21T10:56:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:56:07.629-07:00Communication Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsCorrespondence Bachelor - Essay Example The entire cultural powers have seen a move because of advancement in the region of interchanges. Various speculations have likewise been advanced as for correspondences and as the time passed by hypotheses developed to cover new perspectives and as of late they presently grow to media and its job in the entire procedure of correspondence. Diverse hypothetical models were advanced and the most punctual model was a basic sender-channel-message-beneficiary model otherwise called transmission model. Most correspondence course books, including open talking, start with the transmission model of correspondence. Indeed, even today, it stays an important initial model. This specific model was a straight chain and was not as circle. So later, alterations included the idea of criticism, prompting a circle. Further advancements in the hypothetical models added measurements to the job of beneficiaries including that collectors ordinarily specifically see, decipher and hold messages. Shannon and Weaver set forward their hypotheses in 1949 and their model was viewed as significant in further turns of events. Again in their model correspondence was considered as a straight, single direction process yet they additionally had any kind of effect among source and transmitter, and recipient and goal. So rather than single capacity they noticed that there are two capacities at the transmitting end and two at the less than desirable end. Analysis flung at the model introduced by Shannon and Weaver was the numbness of the way that correspondence procedure is frequently perpetual while they recommended an unmistakable beginning and finish to the correspondence procedure. Decade of 50s got its wake further progressions for model-working, as fields of human science and brain research created. USA was the main nation where the study of correspondence created. Gerbner was among rare sorts of people who perceived the value-based nature of much correspondence that is the intersubjectivity of correspondence. Increases to the previous single chain or value-based correspondence model changed and specialists began looking at correspondence as a matter of arrangement and can't be anticipated ahead of time. Later on improvements of broad communications, press, movies and radio and political changes additionally quickened mass correspondence look into. Henceforth the center moved from correspondence to mass correspondence. As mass correspondence got significant, distinctive new models started to allude explicitly to mass correspondence. Westley and Maclean were among prior specialists who set forward their perspectives underscoring the essentialness of crowd request as opposed to simply the communicator's motivation. The times of 1960s and 1970s saw the fixation moving ceaselessly from the impacts of the broad communications on conclusions, conduct and perspectives, and started to combine on the long haul and mingling effect of the broad communications. Some were of the conclusion that the crowds in this entire media game are dynamic that is they can receive or dismiss the rules offered by the broad communications. In any case, another gathering considered crowds the survivors of the media bringing about a doubt of the broad communications that proceeded through the 1970s and 1980s, especially according to news determination and introduction. With further changes in the correspondence field the limits isolating mass correspondence Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-30131050271653842612020-05-26T05:43:00.001-07:002020-05-26T05:43:04.511-07:00Short and Long Vowel Lesson Plan Literacy is one of the most important skills young students will ever acquire. Reading and writing permeate nearly every aspect of life both in and out of the classroomââ¬âstudents must be literate to succeed in school and society. But before students can even begin to read or write, they must have strong letter-sound knowledge. They need extensive, scaffolded practice naming, identifying, and using every letter before they can begin to develop spelling and decoding skills. Vowels are often the trickiest letters to learn and take the most time. This lesson addresses the distinct sounds that each vowel makes and differentiates between long and short vowels. It provides opportunities for your students to practice listening for and identifying vowel sounds in the world around them and even contains a helpful vowel song to aid in memorization. The following lesson takes approximately 35 minutes to teach. Objectives Following this lesson, students will be able to: Name the five vowels.Listen for long and short vowel sounds and differentiate between them.Identify objects whose names contain long and short vowels (phonetically). Materials Two separate slides, one with several images of objects containing long vowel sounds and one with objects containing short vowel soundsHop on Pop by Dr. Seussââ¬âdigital versionà available to borrow through Internet Archive Digital Library (create a free account to use)Vowel song (to the tune of Mary Had a Little Lamb)Vowels can be short or long (x3). Vowels can be short or long, theyre a, e, i, o, u. Long vowels like to say their name (x3). Long vowels like to say their name, listen for this now (children repeat each letter): a (ay), e (ee), i (eye), o (oh), u (yoo). Listen close for short vowels (x3). Listen close for short vowels to know which one you hear: a (à ¦), e (eh), i (ih), o (ah), u (uh).Graphic organizers for students, one for short vowels and one for longââ¬âboth should have the five vowels written in a column on the left, each with their own row (be sure to include capital and lowercase letters) Key Terms and Resources vowels (long and short)pronounceconsonants Lesson Introduction Read Hop on Pop once without stopping. Ask students what they noticed about the words in the book (answers might include rhyming, short, etc.). Ask if there were any letter sounds that seemed more important than the rest by posing the question, Are there any sounds that seem like they are doing most of the work in their words? To demonstrate, change the u on page three to an a and then an o. Lead students to tell you that the letter sounds in the middle of a word decide how that word will sound. Instruction Vowels are very important letters because they are in every single word. They do a lot of the work in deciding how a word will be pronounced or said.Your mouth stays mostly open when you say a vowel and your teeth/lips are mostly closed when you say all the other letters. We call letters that are not vowels consonants.Model deciding whether a is a vowel and do the same for b. Exaggerate your mouth movements and narrate your thinking for students.Explicitly teach the five vowels (do not include y), showing them what each vowel looks like as you talk. Have students trace the vowels in the air as you say them. Then have students say the vowels slowly to three different people around them while drawing them on the carpet with their fingers.Vowels can make at least two different types of sounds and we call these long and short. Long vowels say their name and short vowels make only part of the sound in their names.Show long vowel slides. Point to objects one at a time and ask students to d ecide which long vowel they hear for each. Have a few come up and write the vowel they hear next to the objects. Students should follow along by whispering and tracing vowels.Teach students that short vowels make sounds that are similar to their names but sometimes sound similar to each other too. Explicitly teach short vowel sounds. Show short vowel slides and model listening for short a, e, i, o, and u. Then, repeat the exercise from step 5 with the remaining short vowel objects.If students need more examples, reference the actions/objects in Hop on Pop (remember to talk about letter sounds, not spelling).Sing the vowel song slowly to your students to help them remember what theyve just learned. Sing this song frequently moving forward to keep important skills fresh for your students. Activity Tell students that they are going to practice listening for vowels by hunting for them in the room. Give them each a long vowel graphic organizer.You are going to try to find at least one thing in this room that has a long a, e, i, o and u sound in it. You will draw the object that you find for each on your paper next to the right letter. Model doing this with paper. Emphasize that students should be sketching, not drawing.Tell students that they will need to quietly say the names of objects aloud in order to hear their vowel sounds.Explain that vowels can be found at the beginning, middle, or end of a word.Give students 5-10 minutes to identify an object for each long vowel. You may choose to have them work in partnerships for additional support.Once all students are finished, have them come back to the carpet and call on a couple of volunteers to share their work with the class.Give students short vowel graphic organizers. Repeat steps 2-4 with short vowels. Conclude the lesson by explaining to students that being able to hear long and short vowels will help them to eventually read and write with vowels. They will continue to practice listening for vowel sounds before writing with them. Differentiation Provide students with options for the vowel identification activity. For example, help them to choose whether table or clock should be drawn next to the long a. For all students, use visuals, hand motions, and repetition often. Assessment Ask students to add to their vowel sheets at home, identifying a total of three objects for each long and short vowel. Give them at least one week to do this. Some students will need you to support them to do this at school rather than at home as independent practice. Remember that students are identifying objects based on vowel sounds and not spelling. They might hear either a short e or i in carpetââ¬âthese vowels can (and often do) make essentially the same sound, so either answer should be considered correct for this example. The objective of this lesson is that students be able to listen for long and short vowels. Spelling with them comes later. Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-38877837169582098472020-05-15T12:18:00.001-07:002020-05-15T12:18:06.015-07:00Montana Tech Admissions ACT Scores, Financial Aid...Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-55546131877840213412020-05-06T16:35:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:35:14.881-07:00Marriage Divorce Essay - 1918 Words Marriage Divorce Marriages are known to be a lifetime commitment towards love caring among people. However most marriages these days seem to be failing due to the increasing number of problems with the modern world. When these marriages end, the effects can be devastating. Why do people get married? Well it is a known tradition in humanity that a woman and man will come together and live their lives as one. The most important element that seems to have disappeared is love. Not just any love, but true, deep feeling love. To keep a relationship clear, the love itself should be clear, not artificially placed. If there is no well defined understanding of love, then is should obviously not be aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household watching mommy go down on her boyfriends. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about. At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often compounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be answered. Questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge. Today, mothers make up the majority of parents who are awarded custody, with fathers making up only 13%. However, thisShow MoreRelatedMarriage and Divorce1303 Words à |à 5 Pagespeople are taking the issue of marriage and divorce very casually and not comprehending the actually consequences of these events, especially the effect it leaves on children. More like married couples get a divorce faster and easily than getting married. To add on to other extra problem, they have children without planning out and not being stable enough to even have extra member in the family. According to Oxford Dictionary, divorce is ââ¬Å"the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other capableRead MoreMarriage and Divorce776 Words à |à 4 PagesShort Essay #2 Short Essay on Marriage and Divorce One morning while doing my devotions, I received a phone call from my friend Jane. She told me that Tom and herself had hit a rough spot in their marriage, and were considering their options. 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Many factors lead to divorce in America, some of which are lying, for example- on online datingRead MoreDivorce Is An Intrinsic Part Of The Marriage973 Words à |à 4 PagesDivorce is a means of terminating oneââ¬â¢s marriage, and if the U.S. divorce rate were compared to other countries, the divorce rate in the United States would be considered as much higher than other countries. Unfortunately we live in a society where divorce is an intrinsic par t of the marriage process. When divorce occurs courts consider two types of divorces, fault-based and no-fault divorce. In a fault-based divorce, one spouse files for divorce, alleging that his or her spouse is responsible for Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-91440549202238905832020-05-05T19:36:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:36:18.627-07:00Food Safety free essay sample Complete the food safety interactive quiz. Use the information from the interactive quiz to complete the following responses regarding food safety practices. For each of the following food safety practices, share at least 2 statements from the interactive quiz. Be sure to put these statements in your own words and explain why they are helpful in preventing food borne illness. An example would be: When dining from a buffet, make sure hot food is hot and cold food is cold. Food that is 40 ââ¬â 140 degrees Fahrenheit has already begun to grow bacteria and pathogens. Clean (16 points): 1. Make sure to never use the same cooking utensils for food that is cooked and food that is raw. 2. Wash your hands before and after working with different food such as when you are preparing meat Separate (16 points): 1. Separate meat that is raw and meat that is cooked. 2. Keep meats and vegetables separated. Dont just judge food by how it looks, instead use a thermometer to make sure that the food is cooked completely . We will write a custom essay sample on Food Safety or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keep food at their required temperature so that it doesnââ¬â¢t grow any harmful bacteria. Chill (16 points): 1. Keep an ice pack next to refrigerated food when you pack lunch. 2. Have the refrigerator at 40? F or below and the Freezer at 0? F In your own kitchen, explain 2 food safety practices you feel your family can improve and 2 food safety practices you feel your family does well. (16 points) In my house we always chill left overs and separate raw food from cooked food. Some of the things we can improve in orther to have healthier and safer cooking practices include washing our hands more frequently and using a food thermometer rather them just using our eyes to inspect how cooked it is. In what ways do your school and community practice or promote food safety to contribute to your personal health? (20 points) My school school offers lunch to those students who want it and they practice food safety by always keeping food chilled and warmed at the temperature required. They also wear gloves and hair nets to keep bacteria from the food that is being served. Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-31270038972695063492020-04-13T15:25:00.001-07:002020-04-13T15:25:03.714-07:00A Farewell To Arms Essays (549 words) - English-language Films A Farewell to Arms A Farewell to Arms When I finished FTA I was of course stunned by the death of Catherine and the baby and Henry's sudden solitude. "What happens now?" I felt, as I so often do when I finish a book that I want to go on forever. This is infinitely more difficult with a book that has no conclusion, and FTA leaves a reader not only emotionally exhausted but also just as alone as Henry and with nowhere to go. The entire work was aware of where it was going and what was going to happen next, and then to stop the way it did was unfair. Now, I've read enough essays while deciding which would be the topic for my class presentation that I know many people see that the unfairness of life and the insignificance of our free will are apparently the most important themes in the book, but I don't agree. I also don't agree that it is a war story or a love story. Exactly what it is, though, is not clear to me. Can't art exist without being anything? "There isn't always an explanation for everything." War and love are obviously important themes in the book, and the relationship between the two is explored by Hemingway and, somewhat, by Henry. In the first two Books we are in the war and the war is overwhelming. In the last two Books we are in love. And, just as the first two Books are peppered with love in the time of war, the last two Books are tinged with war in the time of love. The third Book is the bridge between the two 'stories' and it is not surprising that it centers on the escape. It is during the escape that Henry resolves that he is through with the war (a war in which he really has no place) and decides that all he wants is to be with Catherine. Until the third Book Henry doesn't seem to be agonizingly concerned with matters of right or wrong in the war and it seems, in fact, separate from him. Even when he is injured it doesn't appear that he is really a part of the war which surrounds him. He maintains a distance from it and this distance isn't really closed until Aymo is killed by his own army, he discovers that Bonello is only staying with him out of respect, and he is almost killed as a spy. After this he resolves to desert the army and be reunited with his love, Catherine. Henry is no dummy and he could easily tell that everything was not all correct with Cat, which leads to the question of his love for her. You must admit that Cat is a bit...well... flaky when they first meet. She loses that persona soon enough, although I couldn't help but distrust her integrity until somewhere in the middle of the fourth Book. It is also difficult to believe wholeheartedly in his love for her until much later in their relationship, and it leaves me wondering if he is leaving his involvement in the war because of his unfailing love for Cat or if Cat and any feelings he has for her are just excuses to escape the insanity of the war he experiences in the third Book. When he is with Catherine, they are in another place, untouched by the war, both symbolically (in the tent of her hair) and literally (in Switzerland). Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-32759438811106343042020-03-11T13:30:00.001-07:002020-03-11T13:30:02.586-07:00Tom Sawyer Essays - Picaresque Novels, English-language FilmsTom Sawyer Essays - Picaresque Novels, English-language Films Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer is a boy who is full of adventures. In his world there is an adventure around every corner. Some of his adventures have lead him into some bad situations but with his good heart and bright mind he has gotten out of them. Tom lives with his aunt Polly, his cousin Mary and his bother Sid. One of the first things to happen in the book is a memorable one, the painting of the fence. Tom's aunt Polly made Tom paint her fence on a Saturday as a punishment. Tom just hated the idea of having to work on a Saturday while all of the neighborhood could make fun of and harass him. After Tom tried to trade some of his possessions for a few hours of freedom he had a stroke of genius, instead of him paying people to work for him, he made people pay him to paint. Tom managed this by telling people that it isn't every day that you get a chance to paint a fence and he thought it was fun. He had people begging him to paint by the time that he was finished his story. He would have taken every boy in the town's wealth if he had not run out of paint. On June 17th about the hour of midnight, Tom and his best friend Huck were out in the grave yard trying to get rid of warts, when they witnessed a murder by Injun Joe. At the time Muff Potter was drunk and asleep so Injun Joe blamed the murder him (Muff Potter). They knew if crazy Injun Joe found out they knew, he would for sure kill them. Tom wrote on a wooden board "Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer swear to keep mum about this and they wish they may drop down dead in their tracks if they ever tell and rot", then in their own blood they signed their initials TS and HF. A few days after that incident Tom, Huck and Joe decided to go and become pirates because no one cared for their company anymore. They stole some food and supplies and then they stole a raft and paddled to an island in the middle of the Mississippi River. They stayed and pirated for several days, then they all became so home sick that they could not bear it anymore. The next day Tom, Huck, and Joe showed up for their own funerals and there was much thanks and praise. The next big event in the town was the trial of Muff Potter for the murder in the graveyard. The whole town believed Injun Joe, and poor Muff was sent to a temporary jail cell for a week. At the end of the week he was to be hung unless some one in court had proved him innocent. While Muff was in jail temporarily he was not alone. Every day Tom and Huck would go and talk to him through the jail cell bars and on occasion bring him food. On the last day of court, to everyone's surprise they called Tom Sawyer to the stand. Then the man asked him where he was on the 17th of June he said "In the graveyard". Then when he asked who he saw do it he said with all his courage he said "Muff didn't do it. It was Injun Joe!" and with that Injun Joe jumped out the window and ran away. Tom and Huck decided that they wanted to become rich so they went to go and find buried treasure. Tom and Huck dug under trees all day and night but found nothing, then Tom said that they should go and dig for treasure in a haunted house. They went back two days later and went to a haunted house. Both the boys were scared but they both went inside anyway. The boys dared each other to go upstairs, so of course they went up and looked in closets for treasure but found nothing. Suddenly the boys heard two men talking and then come inside. Both of the boys got down on the floor and then they heard the voice again, it was Injun Joe. Injun Joe and the other Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-21637866887269899532020-02-24T03:56:00.001-08:002020-02-24T03:56:02.772-08:00What distinguishes Philosophy from Religion and Science Term PaperWhat distinguishes Philosophy from Religion and Science - Term Paper Example On the other hand, religion presumes that its basis of argument is ascribed to revelations through prayers, recorded sacred texts, and oral transmission from generation to generation. Religion upholds to the existence of several or a single deity that created the universe, still has a significant role in its management, and sometimes usurps laws of nature to initiate miracles. Therefore, it is worth noting that religion is based on teachings that emphasizes on spiritual matters, relation between humanity and god or gods, moral principles, and relationship between human beings themselves (Cottingham 243). According to Cottingham, religious claims can be viewed in different ways. They can either be viewed from the scrutiny and logical analysis of evidence or on emphasis on the will to believe, passion, and faith. Rather being taken as doctrines of quasi-scientific nature, religion is a form of life and has to be assessed based on the impact it has on the believer unlike its being seen as an implication of experimental issues (Cottingham 282). Cottingham notes that religious disputes are liken to conflicts emanating from aesthetic appreciation as exemplified by difference in opinions by two individuals over a piece of artifact. As opposed to science, religion claims that existence of God does not require experimentation to justify. Prayers are perceived to cause changes on a believer. However, science relishes on the combination of machines and waves to impart change in the physical realm. To counter the demand for experimental elements as presented by science, the Mount Camel incident of establishing the existence of god or gods by Elijah remains true and is more appropriate in todayââ¬â¢s life than at the moment of its demonstration. Religion difference with science centers on existence of God. Science disputes this because religion relies on feelings rather than experimental facts. Religion is Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-52853185012324643702020-02-07T20:41:00.001-08:002020-02-07T20:41:02.654-08:00Should the EU be involved in a battle against the piracy problem in EssayShould the EU be involved in a battle against the piracy problem in Somalia - Essay Example Even though only a political settlement in Somalia can bring a long-term resolution to this issue, the measures taken by the international community can significantly improve the situation (Middleton 10). The European Union Naval Force Somalia-Operation ATALANTA, launched by the European Council on the 8 of December 2008, aims to deter, prevent and repress acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast, and is a part of the global action conducted by the EU to deal with the Somali crisis (ââ¬Å"Missionâ⬠1). This operation has several benefits both for Somalia and for international entities affected by the issue of piracy. To start with, operation ATALANTA helps to protect vessels of the World Food Programme (WFP), which deliver food aid to displaced people in Somalia. Since the EU naval escorts for WFP ships began in November 2007, not a single pirate attack on a ship carrying WFP food has been reported. Under the operation ATALANTA, WFP has managed to deliver over 267. 000 metric tons of food to ports in Somalia. Given the increasing need for humanitarian assistance in Somalia, the EU operation contributes significantly to support for numerous victims of the Somali crisis (ââ¬Å"Missionâ⬠3). Moreover, operation ATALANTA protects vulnerable vessels in the Gulf of Aden and off the Somali cost. All shipping companies and operators that transit in this region have to register in advance of the website of the Maritime Security Center-Horn of Africa (MSC-HOA). This website facilitates the coordination of maritime traffic as it enables all vessels that observe EU NAVFOR recommendations to be aware of the arrangements taken. MSC-HOA also identifies particularly vulnerable vessels and provides them with close military protection, either from EU NAVOR, or other forces in the region (ââ¬Å"Mschoaâ⬠1). These arrangements significantly reduce the risks of pirate attacks or Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-9643964778154115062020-01-29T12:41:00.001-08:002020-01-29T12:41:02.931-08:00The Benefits of Interventions for Work-Related Stress Essay Example for Free The Benefits of Interventions for Work-Related Stress Essay Objectives. This quantitative metaanalysis sought to determine the effectiveness of occupational stressââ¬âreducing interventions and the populations for which such interventions are most beneficial. Methods. Forty-eight experimental studies (n = 3736) were included in the analysis. Four intervention types were distinguished: cognitiveââ¬âbehavioral interventions, relaxation techniques, multimodal programs, and organizationfocused interventions. Results. A small but significant overall effect was found. A moderate effect was found for cognitiveââ¬âbehavioral interventions and multimodal interventions, and a small effect was found for relaxation techniques. The effect size for organization-focused interventions was nonsignificant. Effects were most pronounced on the following outcome categories: complaints, psychologic resources and responses, and perceived quality of work life. Conclusions. Stress management interventions are effective. Cognitiveââ¬â behavioral interventions are more effective than the other intervention types. (Am J Public Health. 2001;91:270ââ¬â276) Jac J. L. van der Klink, MD, MSc, Roland W. B. Blonk, PhD, Aart H. Schene, PhD, MD, and Frank J. H. van Dijk, PhD, MD The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of interventions designed for patients with emotional difficulties is a relevant topic in general practice.1 Such considerations also apply in occupational health care. With the increases in workloads of the past decades, the number of employees experiencing psychologic problems related to occupational stress has increased rapidly in Western countries.2 At the societal level, costs are considerable in terms of absenteeism, loss of productivity, and health care consumption. In Britain, it is estimated that 40 million workdays are lost to the nationââ¬â¢s economy owing to mental and emotional problems.3 At the individual level, there are costs in terms of high rates of tension, anger, anxiety, depressed mood, mental fatigue, and sleep disturbances. These problems, usually referred to in aggregate as distress, are often classified as neurasthenia, adjustment disorders, or burnout. Incidence rates in the Netherlands vary from 14 to 50 cases per year per 1000 patients.4 Interventions designed to reduce occupational stress can be categorized according to focus, content, method, and duration. In regard to focus, interventions can be categorized as (1) aiming to increase individual psychologic resources and responses (e.g., coping) or (2) aiming to change the occupational context. The first category of intervention is usually referred to as stress management training. However, stress management is the common denominator of an assortment of interventions ranging from relaxation methods5 to cognitiveââ¬â behavioral interventions6,7 and client-centered therapy.8 The second category refers to interventions such as organizational development9,10 and job redesign.11 We distinguished 4 intervention types according to categorizations used in previous reviews12ââ¬â14: cognitiveââ¬âbehavioral approaches, relaxation techniques, multimodal interventions, and organization-focused interventions. Cognitiveââ¬âbehavioral approaches aim at changing cognitions and subsequently reinforcing active coping skills.6,7 Relaxation techniques focus on physical or mental relaxation as a method to cope with the consequences of stress. Multimodal interventions emphasize the acquisition of both passive and active coping skills. The fourth intervention type involves a focus on the organization as a whole. Several reviews have been conducted of interventions designed to reduce occupational stress.2,5,12,14ââ¬â16 The general finding of these reviews is that such interventions are effective. However, the reviews have been qualitative in nature and thus provide limited information on which type of intervention is most effective and for whom. Recently, Bamberg and Busch conducted the first meta-analysis on occupational stressââ¬âreducing interventions.17 However, they included only cognitiveââ¬âbehavioral interventions in their quantitative analyses. In the present quantitative review, the following research questions were posed: (1) Are stress interventions effective, as suggested by qualitative reviews of the literature? (2) If so, which type of stress intervention is most effective, and on which outcome measures? In addition to these research questions, exploratory analyses were conducted to determine what moderator variables (e.g., job characteristics, preventive/remedial nature of interventions, length of treatment) were related to the effectiveness of the interventions. Methods Search and Inclusion Criteria Two strategies were used to locate appropriate studies. First, 4 databasesââ¬âMedline (1966ââ¬â1996), ClinPsych (1980ââ¬â1996), Current Contents (1997), and Nioshtic (1970ââ¬â 1996)ââ¬âwere used to conduct a computerized search. Three groups of terms were composed for this search: (1) terms linked to stress-related psychologic problems (psychologic stress, work stress, job stress, neurasthenia, burnout, minor psychiatric problems, mental fatigue, minor depression, neurosis, distress, nervous breakdown, and adjustment disorder), (2) terms related to the intervention (therapy, treatment, protocol, program, intervention, primary care, prevention, and employee assistance program), and (3) terms related to the population (employee, occupational, vocational, rehabilitation, work, job, absenteeism, and sickness leave). Within each group of terms, searches were added. Subsequently, these searches were combined. Second, a manual search of relevant reviews, book chapters, and articles was conducted, with the objective of finding relevant references missed in the computerized search. To be included in our database, a study had to meet several criteria. First, the intervention was required to be specifically designed to prevent or reduce psychologic complaints related to occupational stress. Second, in terms of the target population, participants had to be recruited from the working population because of imminent or already-manifested stressrelated psychologic problems not diagnosed as involving a major psychiatric disorder (e.g., depression or posttraumatic stress disorder) or a stress-related somatic disorder (e.g., hypertension, coronary heart disease). Third, an experimental or quasi-experimental design involving a no-treatment control group had to be used. Within the quasi-experimental studies, we required that the experimental group and the control group be recruited from identical populations and have identical baseline values on dependent variables. In this high-quality group of primary studies, we applied no ranking for methodological quality aspects because the consequent choice of a weighting factor in the quantitative analyses would introduce an element of subjectivity. Fourth, outcome variables had to be well defined and of sufficient reliability. Finally, we required that the study be published as a journal article in English. Definitions The variables used in the meta-analysis included intervention-related variables, outcome variables, and population characteristics. February 2001, Vol. 91, No. 2 Intervention-related variables were (1) type of intervention, (2) total number of hours, (3) number of weeks, and (4) number of sessions. The latter 3 variables could be considered indexes of the intensity and extent of the intervention. Because they were relevant in assessing the cost-effectiveness and practical applicability of a program, we used these variables as moderators in the exploratory analyses. As described earlier, 4 intervention types were included; 3 involved a focus on individuals and 1 involved a focus on the organization. In several reviews, a third focus has been discerned: the interaction between the individual and the organization.14,18 Thus far, however, intervention studies conducted with this focus have been uncontrolled.19 The outcome variables included were placed into 5 categories: (1) quality of work life, including such aspects as job demands, work pressure, job control, working conditions, and social support from management and colleagues; (2) psychologic resources and responses, including measures of self-esteem, mastery, beliefs, and coping skills20; (3) physiology, including measures such as tension, electromyographic activity, (nor)adrenaline, and cholesterol level; (4) complaints, including stress or burnout rates or symptoms, somatic symptoms, and mental health status and symptoms (because of their significance in general health practice, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were considered as separate subcategories); and (5) absenteeism. A number of population characteristics, such as sex, age, years of employment, occupational status, and baseline stress level, may be important moderators of treatment effects and thus may provide information on which types of interventions are effective and for whom. However, for most of these characteristics, the specific information required was not available in the studies; the exceptions were baseline stress level and occupational status. The predictive influence of these characteristics on treatment effects was investigated in a number of exploratory analyses. In line with Newman and Beehr12 and with Murphy,2 2 baseline stress level categories were distinguished, preventive and remedial. In the present meta-analysis, a study was considered preventive if no participant selection had taken place in regard to stress levels. A study was considered remedial if participants were selected by means of a criterion. As noted by Karasek and Theorell, occupational status may be indicative of level of job control.20 On the basis of Karasek and Theorellââ¬â¢s ratings, we categorized study samples as ââ¬Å"high controlâ⬠or ââ¬Å"low control.â⬠Two studies involving samples with mixed occupations were classified as low control because most of the participants in these studies had low-control jobs.21,22 Two studies were excluded from these exploratory analyses because of a lack of sufficient information.23,24 Statistical Analysis The Advanced BASIC Meta-Analysis program25 was used in conducting statistical analyses. In this program, several statistics (e.g., F, t, r, and P) can be entered, and a productââ¬âmoment correlation is obtained. These effect size correlations are transformed to Fisher z scores. Subsequently, mean Fisher z scores are calculated and transformed back to effect size (r) values. If F or t values were reported, we used these values; if such values were not reported, they were computed if the required information was available. If this computation was not possible, P values were used; effects reported as nonsignificant were rated as P=0.5.26 A problem in meta-analyses is that studies with a relatively large number of outcome measures disproportionately affect the metaanalytic results. To counteract this problem, Rosenthal and Rubin27 proposed a method of computing a mean effect size in which the intercorrelation of outcome measures is taken into account.25(pp45ââ¬â47) For all analyses, outcome variables were combined according to this method. We used all outcome measures reported in a study in calculating effect sizes. We report effect sizes in Cohenââ¬â¢s d, which can be derived directly from r values. Cohenââ¬â¢s d represents the standardized mean difference between the intervention group mean and the control group mean. Thus, a d value of 1 indicates that the intervention group performed 1 standard deviation above the control group on a particular outcome variable. Results Description of Studies Forty-eight studies10,21ââ¬â24,28ââ¬â67 conducted between 1977 and 1996 met the inclusion criteria; findings from these studies were published in 45 different articles. None of the 48 studies had a curative orientation in the usual sense (i.e., target population consisting of people seeking help). Four studies were considered remedial, because there was selection in regard to baseline stress level. Forty-one studies involved employees with jobs categorized as high in job control. Five studies evaluated an organizationfocused intervention, 18 evaluated a cognitiveââ¬â behavioral intervention, 17 evaluated a relaxation technique, and 8 evaluated a multimodal approach. In all studies, several outcome analyses were conducted. The result was 99 interventionââ¬âoutcome combinations. American Journal of Public Health 271 Twenty of the studies involved a followup assessment. In most cases, follow-up was either uncontrolled or reported in a way that allowed no retrieval of statistical metrics. Therefore, only the first postintervention assessment was included in the meta-analysis. The mean interval between preintervention and postintervention assessment was 9 weeks for interventions that focused on individuals (SD= 6 weeks). This deviation was merely due to dif- ferences in intervention duration. Differences in interval between intervention types were not significant. The interval for organizationfocused programs was considerably longer (38 weeks) owing to longer program durations and longer postintervention assessment intervals. Pretest-to-posttest dropout rates varied from 0% to 40%. The mean dropout rate for programs that focused on individuals was 11%; differences between intervention types were nonsignificant. Organization-focused programs had a mean dropout rate of 26%. Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-47376295365187078362020-01-21T09:05:00.001-08:002020-01-21T09:05:02.272-08:00Affirmative Action :: essays research papersAffirmative Action has been frivolously debated throughout the past 135 years. Citizens of the United States question whether the government should grant certain advantages to races that have endured bigotry in the past. This plan goes by the name of Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action is a federally subsidized program that encourages universities and other educational institutions, to accept a greater number of minority students. Throughout the years, Affirmative Action and the different advocates have changed, but racial inequality remains stagnant. Affirmative action has various proponents and opponents, both of whom seek the eventual goal of an integrated, educated middle class society. The opponents of Affirmative Action argue that it is not the responsibility of the current majority to make up for prior actions; and imposing these types of programs would be a form of so-called, reverse discrimination. The proponents argue that it is everybodyââ¬â¢s responsibility to create a society, which gives everybody an equal opportunity regardless of race, and the only way to ascertain this goal is through Affirmative-Action programs. How can this nation come together and disregard the color of a persons skin? Will we reach this goal by subsidizing programs that assist minorities, or shall we sit and wait for time to establish equal opportunity for all? The history of Affirmative Action dates back to the days when the nation attempted to rebuild its society after the civil war. Reconstruction attempted to establish virtuous relations between the white Europeans and black Africans that made up a large part of the American society. The nation was torn on how to establish these relations. Many call Reconstruction the low point of race relations in the United States. This era included the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, defining national citizenship so as to include blacks. This Amendment passed Congress in June 1866 and was ratified, despite rejection by most Southern states (July 28, 1868). In response to the newfound freedom of African Americans, whites incited numerous accounts of violence. White hatred of the black race created an era that experienced the most lynchings in the history of the United States. Whites also began using contemporary forms of labor exploitation to maintain control of their socio-economic advantage. Something needed to be done so that the nation would not split at its seams. One side argued that time was the only solution to racial problems. Creating government programs would make Africanââ¬â¢s dependent and give them an unfair advantage. ââ¬Å"They were said to be fat state subsidies that unfairly penalized innocent whites and taught blacks self-destructive habits of indolence and independence.â⬠This argument was sustained by the Democratic Party who Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-48244537503462749562020-01-13T05:28:00.001-08:002020-01-13T05:28:05.209-08:00Journey to SakhalinThe Saline project was the first Russian production-sharing agreement (AS) with foreign corporations. A AS is a commercial contract between investor(s) who are willing to make a large, long term and high risk investments with the host country that has the natural recourses (usually oil and/or gas) to exploit. The terms behind AAAS are usually deferent than regular commercial contracts, as they usually bypass some of the regulations that the host country imposes on foreign Investments.The agreements also last for the Lifetime of the project. Under the terms of the AS, the investing company gets the larger share of venues at the beginning of the contract to recoup the cost of investment. As time goes by, the net revenues (revenues after the cost of operations) are shared between the investment companies and the host country, usually a 20/80 split. AAAS are controversial In Russia because they bypass some of the taxes and licenses that a foreign company would have to pay.Previous foreig n companies had worked In Russia under the regular tax system, therefore It was argued that AAAS don't treat all businesses equally and create a sense of unfairness. Furthermore, AAAS apply only to Greenfield.. Greenfield are unexploited, undeveloped large pieces of lands with exploitable resources, and some circles felt that Russia should not cheaply bargain away these coveted lands. AAAS are agreements between the foreign direct investors (FED) and the federal Russian government; thereby limiting the power of the mid-level establishment, traditionally and politically a powerful group In Russian Pollock.At the time of the agreement, the local Saline Government, led by Governor Igor Verification, was a key player in the decision, mainly because Verification was politically influential and in favor of the project. After the fall of the communist regime, Russian GAP fell by 50% and up to half of the population was living below the poverty line. Oil and gas constituted the main export earnings of Russia, whose borders encompassed the largest supply of gas In the world (30%). Attempts by Russia to privative state-owned energy firms had mixed results.The OLL Industry produced a number of vertically integrated firms such as Skidpan and Subnet, which formed the basics of a competitive environment. Conversely, prevarication of the gas industry produced a single, dominant company: Gazpacho. At times, it appeared that he Russian Government acted on behalf of Gazpacho due to the significantly higher impact this Industry had on the Russian economy, and because It was a 38% stakeholder In the company. As Gazpacho controlled 20% of the worlds gas production, tenure were gallants political Interests escalated Witt ten development of this industry in Russia.Thus far, Russian's exports were mainly to Europe, as Russia had been unable to build pipelines to East Asia and Japan. The energy sector constituted 20% of GAP, and Gazpacho alone was responsible for 8%. The growing econo mies of the Far East, combined with Russian's need to exploit its oil and gas serves (both for economic reasons, as well as for political influence) helped push Russia to seek Foreign Direct Investment (FED). Russia also required foreign expertise, as transportation of gas to Asia would require a Liquefied Natural Gas (LONG) facility; something they did not have the technical ability to create.Foreign partnerships then offered the fastest and most efficient way of developing previously inaccessible resource field as well as exporting to new markets. Previous administrative scandals (BP Amoco) showed Russia to be politically and financially risky, causing a decrease in FED. A AS agreement would prove a good faith gesture from Russia that it was ready to enter the world economy, and to overcome the bureaucratic history and corruption that has scared away foreign companies.Shell would not have invested $108 in the Saline II project [exhibit 1] without a AS. Russia needed this first AS to attract future FED, and as such would likely be most generous with the terms of its first AS. Successful execution of a AS by Shell, could create future opportunities to exploit additional Greenfield development in Russia. Despite these advantages, there were several downsides. Protectionism by members of the Russian Dumb meant that this AS was rapidly becoming politicized and might face ongoing challenges..One term of the AS was that Saline Energy Investment Company (SIC) needed to use 70% Russian labor and goods for the part of the project measured as measured man- hours and volume of material; however the oil industry in Russia was mainly functioning on ground and had very little experience with offshore activities as exampled by Russian's inability to build and maintain a Liquefied Natural Gas (LONG) plant. The terms of this part of the agreement were particularly vague, as it was roll defined what would be considered Russian ââ¬Å"contentâ⬠in the project.Additionally, enforcement of the AS would be difficult due to the geographical remoteness of the project. * Investments in Saline did not Just include the production facilities, but also contributions to the local administration. SIC was responsible for the upgrade (or construction) of the island infrastructure as well as other wish-lists of improvements. The SIC also had to provide local community sponsorships of facilities, scholarships and grants as well as maintaining good relationships with environmental activists. Saline Island is a pristine environment.In order to be successful, social and public relations have to be a priority, which could prove to be challenging since the business of exploiting oil and gas is usually brutal to the environment as well as the economic and social landscape of local communities. Care in negotiations had to be achieved in order to sponsor projects that would keep the local residents happy and friendly, and yet keep a tight control on spending for these proje cts and not inflame environmentalists. * Navigation of local politics was also a challenge.In the first stages of a project like this, good relations with local government employees are sometimes more important than relations with politicians higher up in ten unlearning as most approvals are cone locally. As ten project progressed, Ethereal authorities became more important as Putting attempted to reinstitution central authority. Another obstacle was the legal system. Difficulties and delays in obtaining approvals for the Technical and Economic Substantiation for Construction (TCO) as well as a lack of stabilization in the Russian legal system endangered the project as it would not proceed as scheduled without them.Without changes to the legal system, arms of the Saga's agreements that conflicted with current Russian laws could not be enforced and increased the risks associated with the investment. Despite these obstacles Shell should invest in Saline. There are very few Greenfield available with the production capacity of Saline. Exploitation of non-developed lands allows for the building of new technology instead of maintaining old equipment. This is more efficient and therefore more profitable. The initial costs are lower as there is no need to dismantle old facilities to build new ones.It allows Shell to gain a foothold in Russia which has a large reserves of oil and gas. When at full capacity, Saline could produce up to 5% of the world LONG needs making this a critical strategic investment for Russia. Russia needs to rebuild its economy and is now ready to offer better deals then it would in the future. It does not have the technology to build offshore platforms and LONG producing capabilities. It needs these facilities to access new markets and the location of Saline in the Arctic has great potential in these regards.The Saline II AS agreement has terms that will be difficult to match in the future and has the advantage of reducing the influence of the R ussian oligarchy in the business dealings. Russia would not Jeopardize its standing as a 68 country and is motivated to have successful foreign investments. Of course one company to watch is Gazpacho. It is a major player in Russian politics and may feel threatened to have the East Asian market closed to them. Shell should be open to the idea of having Gazpacho be part of the Consortium.To mitigate the risk, Shell should try to attract more investors to distribute the risk, at least at the beginning while costs are high, then buy the shares back once production brings in stable revenues. They should follow the given requirements very carefully and ensure that they keep maintain heir end of the bargain by hiring the requisite local contractors and labor force. Shell should behave as a good neighbor as much as possible by making sure that the environment is being taken care of.Natural resource industries require large capital investments and are politically difficult to navigate. They have such a significant geopolitical impact that the Coos of these companies do not make agreements with the heads of other companies, but rather with heads of state. Their decisions do not just affect the shareholders of the company, but also the access of energy by their win country as well. If the political climate changes with a new government hostile to the home country of the company, no commercial contract can be legally enforced.A company could lose all of its investments in the host country should they be removed from the operations while the plants and equipment remain. Depending on the level of hostility and the impact the resources of a country have on the global energy supply, escalation may involve military force to secure indispensable resources. Usually the countries with the companies that have the most technical expertise do to own the lands that contain the resources and the countries with the resources do not have the technical expertise to exploit them.It creat es a mutual (although wary) Interdependence. An 011 company cannot easily select to another site Ana move Its platforms, refineries and pipelines, while the host country cannot operate the equipment without the technical knowledge of the companies (which is the company's only leverage). Both sides need to do a a diplomatic dance, constantly negotiating give and takes on the exploitation of these resources. Exhibit 1: Saline 2 project Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-15911574790368237292020-01-05T01:52:00.001-08:002020-01-05T01:52:03.682-08:00Morning Quotes to Inspire You to Enjoy the Gift of Life Most of us have heard the adage Rise and shine ââ¬â the early bird gets the worm, but do you really know the meaning behind these words? Its widely believed that early risers have more time to achieve their goals. If youre an early riser, you know how blissful mornings can be. At dawn, the first rays of the sun gently caress the earth, like a mother gently waking her child up. From then on, it is a flurry of activity, with a soundtrack of birds chirping enthusiastically. Theres not much better than catching the morning rays of the sun on your face and basking in the warm golden rays. Take a brisk walk in the fresh air, and enjoy the gentle morning breeze on your face. Inspirational Morning Quotes Here are some inspiring morning quotes to motivate you to jumpstart your day and achieve your goals. Share these morning quotes and encourage others to rise early with you. Maya AngelouIf you have only one smile in you, give it to the people you love. Dont be surly at home, then go out in the street and start grinning Good morning at total strangers. Samuel GoldwynI had a monumental idea this morning, but I didnââ¬â¢t like it. Cary GrantMy formula for living is quite simple. I get up in the morning and I go to bed at night. In between, I occupy myself as best I can. Mohandas GandhiPrayer is the key of the morning and the bolt of the evening. Marcus AureliusWhen you arise in the morning, think of what a precious privilege it is to be alive -- to breathe, to think, to enjoy, to love. Mark TwainIf its your job to eat a frog, its best to do it first thing in the morning. And if its your job to eat two frogs, its best to eat the biggest one first. Author UnknownIf people were meant to pop out of bed, weââ¬â¢d all sleep in toasters. Emily DickinsonMorning without you is a dwindled dawn. Bertrand RussellIve always thought respectable people scoundrels, and I look anxiously at my face every morning for signs of my becoming a scoundrel. Rabindranath TagoreDo not say, It is morning, and dismiss it with a name of yesterday. See it for the first time as a newborn child that has no name. E. B. WhiteI arise in the morning torn between a desire to improve the world and a desire to enjoy the world. This makes it hard to plan the day. William BlakeThink in the morning. Act in the noon. Eat in the evening. Sleep in the night. Salvador DaliEach morning when I awake, I experience again a supreme pleasure ââ¬â that of being Salvador Dali. Elbert HubbardBe pleasant until ten oclock in the morning and the rest of the day will take care of itself. Ogden NashThe bed is a bundle of paradoxes: we go to it with reluctance, yet we quit it with regret; we make up our minds every night to leave it early, but we make up our bodies every morning to keep it late. Kahlil GibranIn the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed. Billy WilderYou have to have a dream so you can get up in the morning. Jeb DickersonMorning is when the wick is lit. A flame ignited, the day delighted with heat and light, we start the fight for something more than before. Monica BaldwinI have always felt that the moment when you first wake up in the morning is the most wonderful of the twenty-four hours. No matter how weary or dreary you may feel, you possess the certainty that, during the day that lies before you, absolutely anything may happen. And the fact that it practically always doesnt, matters not a jot. The possibility is always there. Rig VedaBy getting up early in the morning one also gets more time at his disposal for work as compared to late-risers. Scholar and thinkers get up early in the morning and contemplate. Ralph Waldo EmersonHow cunningly nature hides every wrinkle of her inconceivable antiquity under roses and violets and morning dew! Marcus AureliusThe breeze at dawn has secrets to tell you. Donââ¬â¢t go back to sleep. Eleanor RooseveltProbably the happiest period in life most frequently is in middle age, when the eager passions of youth are cooled, and the infirmities of age not yet begun; as we see that the shadows, which are at morning and evening so large, almost entirely disappear at midday. Henry David ThoreauIn my afternoon walk I would fain forget all my morning occupations and my obligations to society. Arthur SchopenhauerEach day is a little life: every waking and rising a little birth, every fresh morning a little youth, every going to rest and sleep a little death. Aldous HuxleyIt was one of those evenings when men feel that truth, goodness and beauty are one. In the morning, when they commit their discovery to paper, when others read it written there, it looks wholly ridiculous. Jesse JamesI knew, however, that the next morning after the fight I would have to get away, and I did just in time, for a full company came early to look for me and were furious because I had escaped them. Quentin TarantinoI always do an all-night horror marathon on Saturdays where we start at seven and go until five in the morning. Van MorrisonA famous person to themselves, they donââ¬â¢t get up in the morning and think, Iââ¬â¢m famous. Iââ¬â¢m not famous to me. Famous is a perception. Jonas SalkIt is always with excitement that I wake up in the morning wondering what my intuition will toss up to me, like gifts from the sea. I work with it and rely on it. Itââ¬â¢s my partner. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeHow like herrings and onions our vices are in the morning after we have committed them. Franz SchubertEvery night when I go to bed, I hope that I may never wake again, and every morning renews my grief. Friedrich Max MullerThe morning hour has gold at the mouth. Ambrose BierceDawn: When men of reason go to bed. Thomas JeffersonWhether I retire to bed early or late, I rise with the sun. Richard WhatelyLose an hour in the morning, and you will be all day hunting for it. Josh BillingsNever work before breakfast; if you have to work before breakfast, eat your breakfast first. Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-38078874085775855212019-12-27T22:16:00.001-08:002019-12-27T22:16:04.561-08:00The Problem Of Human Trafficking - 1498 Words Typically, when people think about global issues, some of the first things to come to mind are immigration, poverty, and hunger. However, there are much larger issues that can lead to these kinds of circumstances, or even be seen as a function of these problems. Taking a closer look at an ongoing issue highly prevalent in our world today, it is easy to see that other issues feed off it, and can contribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. This type of criminalization is often one that is overlooked, most people believing that it is some sort of ââ¬Å"myth,â⬠or that this type of action happens to very few, and is only part of developing countries. However, the truth of the matter is that human trafficking occurs everywhere in the world, even the most successful countries. Human trafficking can occur in many different forms, however, there are very few laws implementing protection for those who fall as victims, and even with these laws, the problem still happens every single day. The why, of the matter, the influences of the issue, and the outcome of the actions, is what drives human trafficking to still be one of the biggest crimes in our world today. Human trafficking is defined as the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Because this is illegal movement of people, this is also an issue that can be related back to immigration. Human trafficking is arguably one of theShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1328 Words à |à 6 Pagestaken from their homes and put into human trafficking. Every individual is supposed to be given the opportunity to a long and happy life but, with human trafficking standing in the way, millions of people are subjected to illnesses, diseases, and unhappiness. Human trafficking has taken over the lives of many, especially in Bangladesh. A country that is subjected to filth, poverty, and sex trafficking. Bangladesh is one of the top countries for human trafficking. The people of Bangladesh are in needRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1283 Words à |à 6 PagesWhen it comes to the topic human trafficking, mostly everyone knows that it has a lot of history to its name. According to ben skinner, ââ¬Å" there are more slaves in the world today then ever beforeâ⬠(E. Benjamin pg. xi). There have been many incidents and cases with human trafficking such as, sex trade, smuggling, violence, etc. Today, one can show how real is Human Trafficking. This paper details the big enigma exist todays date, that Human Trafficking is real. Trafficking can happen in almost everyRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1439 Words à |à 6 Pages Though it may be receiving more attention in recent years, it could be argued that the complete magnitude of human trafficking is still not fully comprehended. Professor of Epidemiology, Rezaeian Mohsen, has stated that, ââ¬Å"The ultimate intention of human trafficking is to give illegitimate power to a human being in order to force another human being to be a subject of modern slavery i.e. prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, etc.â⬠(Mohsen, 2016, p.36). This type of illegitimateRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1080 Words à |à 5 Pagesinevitable. The thought of writing my essay was frightening enough but deciding on a topic and searching for sources was a completely different story. After a few sleepless nights, I finally decided on my topic, human trafficking. I chose this topic because I believe human trafficking is a problem not only in America but worldwide and needs to be taken seriously. My strong dislike for research papers is not someth ing to hide but I am hoping for the best for this essay and the class. As I began researchingRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking883 Words à |à 4 Pagesinterest in ending human trafficking, a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, has been slow and selective. The inner reason for the poor success is the prevailing conception of the problem. 2. This paper argues that the limited success in fighting human trafficking is to a large extent the result of framing the existing debate of human trafficking as predominantly a matter of prevention and protection rather than addressing the global market conditions within which human trafficking thrives . UnlikeRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking Essay1623 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction- A million of women children are trafficking worldwide every year it is problem of developed and developing and under developing country, issue found that across the nation are can say that trafficking is flowing to underdeveloped country to developing country or developing country to develop country. It has been made big market of human trafficking. Human trafficking is the third big benefitted industry in the world. At least million of children using in the prostitution for-profitRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1387 Words à |à 6 Pagesyearsââ¬â¢ human trafficking has recogn ized as major illegal and problematic activity within the criminal justice system throughout the United States and a majority of the world. Although much attention has been paid to the worldwide aspect of human trafficking it is important to realize its domestic prevalence. According to ------------------ and estimated 200,0000 to 300,000 immigrants are trafficked illegally within the United States from impoverished countries. The topic of human trafficking has provedRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1168 Words à |à 5 Pagesa form of what we know today as human trafficking. The trafficking in persons is a form of modern day slavery, and exploits itââ¬â¢s victims into a slavery type setting such as manual labor or for commercial sex purposes. Many adults and elderly make up a great number of the humans that are trafficked each year, but the general population is children since they are usually helpless and are easier to manipulate since they are still in the ages of lear ning. Trafficking people is a very serious crime andRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking2103 Words à |à 9 PagesHuman Trafficking Introduction The problem of human trafficking affects many countries around the world. In practice, it is a transnational organized crime in which participants have networks in different countries where they source and sell their victims. Human trafficking has adverse effects on the victims as well as the entire society. Accordingly, many countries have implemented different policies in an effort to combat this social concern. Despite these policies and intervention measures, humanRead MoreHuman Trafficking. Human Trafficking Has Been A Problem1487 Words à |à 6 PagesHuman Trafficking Human trafficking has been a problem for too long. It affects many people at a time. There are many stories about different people who had been taken. The traffickers have different strategies in order to pull in different people. Human trafficking is not only in America, but in every part of the world. Around 4.5 million victims get stuck in sex trafficking. There are many ways to help stop human trafficking that are not hard to do and do not cost any money. If everybody could Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-69577137383224694982019-12-19T18:05:00.001-08:002019-12-19T18:05:03.335-08:00Essay On EHR - 1030 Words How to select a new EHR system that work Administrative position in most major institutions carry lots of responsibilities and task to be discuss and facilitate. However, switching into an up to date new EHR system might be challenging to adopt easily, it is crucial that a clinic stay up to date with the technology. Electronic Health Records has many advantages that are not only essential in replacing the paper charts and records, but can rationalize billings, ordering medications, tests and easy communication between providers and patients. EHR can show the entire patientsââ¬â¢ medical history including clinic administration practice. The power of EHR is the ability through which it allows providers to share patientsââ¬â¢ recent visit to theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The team will work on collecting more details about the length of time it will take for the new EHR system to implement and whether the vendor offer staffing that will train everybody that practice at the clinic without additional charges with the new software EHR system. My team will find out if the vendor of choice is offers e-prescribing and electronic ordering labs test including result. The team will ensure that they know the interfaces that the vendor employ and whether it is compatible around the surrounding facili ties in the operative areas. The team will ensure that they create an avenue of good relationship with the vendor of choice for the new Electronic Health Records to allow the business to continue with the spirit of good affiliation for better quality customer services. The team will be able to find out if the services for the New EHR system is ready with the changes into the latest system of billing like ICD-10. While making sure that the new EHR system support the federal meaningful use standard so that it has a chance to qualify for the government incentives (Adam C. Uzialko, 2017, January 24). The consensus methods building of the team will be conducted in a professional manner. The teamââ¬â¢s professionalism role will be required during this project; therefore, the teamââ¬â¢s role is to have communication among one another. First, the team must be awareShow MoreRelatedEssay National Ehr Mandate1248 Words à |à 5 PagesNational EHR Mandate Heidi Babcock-Marvin Ohio University National EHR Mandate An electronic health record (EHR) defines as the permissible patient record created in hospitals that serve as the data source for all health records. It is an electronic version of a paper chart that includes the patientââ¬â¢s medical history, maintained by the provider over time, and may include all of the key administrative clinical data relevant to that persons care. Information that is readily available includesRead MoreMeaningful Use and the Ehr Essay635 Words à |à 3 PagesSperling Professor Marshall Kaplan University October 25, 2011 It has only been within the last five years that health information management (HIM) has experienced exponential changes, due to the healthcare reform. The electronic health record (EHR) is connected to health information exchanges and other systems of interoperability. The timely completion of charts, coding and release of information (ROI) has become much more efficient with the electronic record. Traditional HIM functions willRead MoreInformatics Needs Essay939 Words à |à 4 PagesInformatics Needs Essay An informatics needs assessment is a critical step in the selection and implementation of the Electronic Health Record (EHR). The purpose of a needs assessment is to understand the organization and the needs of the organization well enough to boost the positive impact of an EHR while minimizing the negative effects (American Medical Association, n.d.). A readiness assessment can assist in identifying the readiness of an organization to successfully starting an EHR, the readinessRead MoreQuestions On The Healthcare System986 Words à |à 4 Pagesvendor for this project, what types of information should it give to and gather from each vendor under consideration? An request for information (RFI) is typically used as a pre-screening tool and is generally sent to a large number of vendors who EHR systems could potentially meet the needs of the organization. Essentially, it is used in the planning process to eliminate vendors. Typically, the scope of an RFI includes vendor background information, system technical architecture, interoperabilityRead MoreReport857 Words à |à 4 PagesCurrently, I store all my personal documents on a password protected flash drive. However, I store pictures and anything related to school in the cloud because several years ago, while working on a ten-page essay my computer crashed, and I was only able to retrieve half of an almost complete essay. The University of Denver students had the option of signing up for a free Office 365 subscription, however until my computer crash I had not considered using OneDrive as a storage option. I hesitated to createRead MoreClinical Decision Support ( Cds ) Strategies Essay1160 Words à |à 5 Pagesmaking process more effective within the clinical workflow. They include computerized alerts to care givers and patients, focused data report on patient status, clinical guidelines, documentation templates, and contextual relevant reference. Th is essay will critically analyze strategy that can be employed to enhance the integration of various aspects of patients with the CDS and means through which efforts can be prioritized in a team. This will include CDS intervention meeting meaningful use requirementsRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Health Care Industry1006 Words à |à 5 PagesEmpirical Essay Main Idea The article, IT-Based Capabilities, Service Innovation, and Quality in Health Care, focuses on how there have been many developments in technology which could be utilized to ââ¬Å"effectively deliver servicesâ⬠within the health care industry (Thambusamy Palvia, 2011, p. 1). Through innovation, health care facilities are expected to provide top quality care to patients. Technology has made that possible; however, prior to this study, it was unsure if the two had any correlationRead MoreImplementing Integrated Electronic Health System1008 Words à |à 5 Pagescrucial to providing high quality, safe, effective healthcare (Health IT, 2014). Astonishingly, these systems cannot even share demographic information, requiring that name, date-of-birth, and other very basic data has to be entered more than once. This essay discusses the implementation of an integrated, electronic health information system at McLean Hospital. McLean hospital is a not-for-profit, freestanding psychiatric hospital that focuses on treatment, training, and research of psychiatric illnessesRead MoreRisks Associated Implementing And Managing A Project Of This Size772 Words à |à 4 Pagesbeing given drugs which have adverse interactions are avoided. Nevertheless, the patients may fail to disclose part of their health issues fearing that the information may be disclosed to other people hence causing them discrimination and stigma. This essay will discuss the benefits that informatics have on enhancing privacy in healthcare. Security and privacy of information gathered during the process of providing health care are important because of noteworthy psychological, economic, and social damageRead MoreThe Electronic Health Record ( Ehr ) System1826 Words à |à 8 Pages The electronic health record (EHR) System is a database that contains all the details of patientââ¬â¢s medical status and has been designed to facilitate rapid access to such information when necessary (Hayrian, Sarnto Nykanen, 2008). This database is advantageous for both medical practitioners and patients as it facilitates an improvement in the level of care provided by health workers across all departments, and has become a fundamental resource for the healthcare sector (Scott,2007). Based on Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-78785643400929593922019-12-11T14:47:00.001-08:002019-12-11T14:47:05.111-08:00The Benefits of Studying Abroad free essay sample Nowadays, studying abroad has become popular. Every year, lots of parents are trying their best to send their children overseas to complete their studying. Most people may think that it is better to further their studies in overseas country than in their own country. As an international student to study in NTNU, I definitely agree that there are many benefits of studying abroad. First of all, we can learn new knowledge about another culture and improve our skills of using a second language, by daily interaction with local people. You can meet new friends of different countries and learn different customs from them. It is definitely the best way to gain foreign experiences and language during overseas studying. Secondly, the learning atmosphere and resources are better in foreign countries. On the other hand, teaching methods and systems in other places are different, and this may provide students a better environment to study. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Studying Abroad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You can also learn advanced knowledge when studying overseas since foreign countries are more progress. Last but not least, you can learn to be an independent person. To studying abroad means that you have to leave your home. Without parentsââ¬â¢ helping, you have to learn how to do housework and take care of yourself. This is a good training for us to be a more mature person. As a conclusion, studying overseas is definitely a good choice. It can provide us chances and great environment to study and learn new culture. The ability of self-dependence can also be improved. You can earn many experiences when studying abroad, and I can sure that you will benefit a lots. If you have hesitation to study in foreign countries, just take action and you will find that your great future is not far away! Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-79050468730649767622019-12-04T02:29:00.001-08:002019-12-04T02:29:05.468-08:00Investment Analysis Portfolio Management Essay ExampleInvestment Analysis Portfolio Management Paper August 08, 2010 Mr. Saif Rahman Faculty School of Business North South University Dhaka Subject: Letter of transmittal Dear Mr. Saif Rahman Here is the term paper on investment analysis portfolio management from 31st may to 1st august. Now you will see that we have collected stock information and calculate relative things to evaluate our performance. We think that if anybody want to invest in the DSE , this term paper can help them to make decision whether or not they will invest or not and what strategy should they follow. Finally, we are also very much satisfied to have the scope of doing this investment which gave us the practical flavor like working in a real workplace. We really hope that you will enjoy reading our term paper as much as we had enjoyed doing it. Thank you very much, for giving us such an opportunity to complete such an interesting term paper. Sincerely yours Mohammad Saifujjaman073 442 030_____________________ M. Ashikur Rahman081 076 530_____________________ Wael Ahmed081 256 030_____________________ M. Shafayet Hassan081 305 030_____________________ Acknowledgement We would like to thank all the authors of the journals, books and articles that are secondary sources from where we have collected necessary information regarding our term paper. Also we would like to thank the fellow classmates who helped us when we faced any problem. Our report was the endeavor of a great experience on both the practical and the theoretical field of portfolio investment simulation. The completion of the project was much owing to our instructor Saif Rahman. It is through his viewpoint that a prolonged part of the report could be completed. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Analysis Portfolio Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Analysis Portfolio Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Analysis Portfolio Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We give our utmost gratitude and respect to our honorable instructor for giving us his prolonged time behind teaching us every step in developing this report. Without his support and advices this report could not have been completed so successfully, timely and completed with accuracy as we predict. All of our team members have put their greatest efforts to the finishing of the project with such devotion, target, energy and their participation that is possible. This report was thus a combined effort and therefore all the credit of our accomplishment spreads to all the helping hand of the participants. Introduction This paper constitutes the maintenance of an efficient portfolio of stocks, dedicated to investors who are willing to invest in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). The duration of the portfolio was for two months starting from 31st May 2010 till 1st August 2010. The initial investment consisted of 10, 00,000 BDT with a preset condition of maximum limit of 1, 00,000 BDT on a particular stock. That is, a maximum of 10% of the total investment could be allocated on any stock to ensure proper diversification of the portfolio, presenting a risk free investment for the investors. After the initial investment which was the first phase, there were another two phase. At the first phase, statistical analysis of the stocks in the portfolio, for instance correlation and covariance, presented some investment drawbacks which resulted in the investment on some new stocks by generating cash from the sale of some existing stocks for the initial portfolio. Although the stocks generated a return of 4. 52% but the positive correlation among the stocks were alarming indicators of improper diversification. The new portfolio continued through the second phase till the end. The second portfolio was continued to third portfolio without any change because of the current market situation and different trading strategies insist us to do this. In the second phase other than some few stocks like BATBC and DBH all other stocks generated very little capital gain and even some had negative return. Therefore it was necessary for the stocks to reach its full potential of and by the end of the third phase the portfolio generated 16. 2% return before tax against an expected return of 6%. This shows that in amidst all the fluctuations of economic variables and market situations the portfolio was well managed. Objectives In this term paper our objective is: o The primary objective of this project is to evaluate our performance as investment managers o To impose theoretical knowledge into practical life o To become acquainted to corporate activities o How To select stocks to buy o How to make a portfoli o with minimum risk by diversification. o Using strategy of trading To improve skills in analyzing investment opportunities as well as become experienced in making term paper o To develop our skill in using analytical tools and techniques for analyzing portfolio management problem Methodology We tried our level best to follow the instruction or this term paper. Collecting primary data was really difficult and troublesome; we used all secondary data for this topic. For this project, we first planned and decided where to go and how to go. I prepared a schedule accordingly. Collecting secondary data was not that easy also. At first we went to Dhaka Stock exchange (DSE), and collect the trade information from the library of DSE. We also collect the current price of share at the end of the every trading day. For calculating the rate of return, utility, beta, co-relation among stocks we use different formula and Microsoft office excel. By applying subjective judgment some data are assumed that are not given in the case. Limitations ? A lot of information regarding industry, economy, and company are required. ? We have put our optimum effort to formulize the available information ? At last, the time was not enough for this analysis. If I got more time for that I could have prepare a better ratio analysis. ? Many analytical techniques and tools are needed to apply to get appropriate result but due to our lack of practical knowledge our analysis may not be a highly efficient one. Asset Allocation Asset allocation is the strategy used in choosing between the various kinds of possible investments, in other words, the strategy used in choosing in what asset classes such as stocks and bonds one wants to invest. As, in this term paper we allocate our asset only in the stocks. We used the bottom up approach to select the stocks. We also measure the P/E ratio to choose the stocks. We also take in to consideration return on the stocks. In the first portfolio we didnââ¬â¢t do deep research. To ensure the diversification we allocate our first 10, 00,000 BDT in 10 different industry and 13 different company. You will get the details allocation from the appendix. In the second portfolio, by calculating correlation we add another industry that means 11 industries and maintain 13 companies to make the portfolio more diversified. For the market position we carry on the same portfolio in the 3rd phase. All of this invested portfolios details is available in the appendix. Macroeconomic Industry Scene Presently, Bangladesh is witnessing a sustained growth rate in the region with increasing foreign investments in the country and a shift from agricultural based economy to industry based economy. The macroeconomic policies being undertaken and the political stability has been a driving force in this recent phenomenon. Thatââ¬â¢s why so many companies are enlisting their self in DSE. For investment we measure some macro economic factors like interest rate, demand, supply, tax rate, inflation etc. which were pretty much in favor for investment. I. Inflation: Inquiry has proved that there is a negative relation between inflation and stock prices. We assume similarly: an increase in the rate of inflation is likely to lead to economic tightening policies, which in turn increases the nominal risk-free rate and hence raises the discount rate in the valuation model. The effect of a higher discount rate would not necessarily be neutralized by an increase in cash flows resulting from inflation. II. Money Supply: Bangladeshââ¬â¢s Economy the relationship between money supply and stock returns can be simply hypothesized that the growth rate of money supply would affect the aggregate economy and hence the expected stock returns. III. Interest Rate: Interest rates can influence the level of corporate profits which in turn influence the price that investors are willing to pay for the stock through expectations of higher future dividends payment. Most companies in DSE finance their capital equipments and inventories through borrowings. A reduction in interest rates reduces the costs of borrowing and thus serves as an incentive for expansion. This will have a positive effect on future expected returns for the firm. IV. Exchange Rate: We theorize a positive relation between the exchange rate and stock prices. A depreciation of the Bangladesh TAKA (BDT) will lead to an increase in demand for Bangladeshââ¬â¢s exports and thereby increasing cash flows to the country, assuming that the demand for exports is sufficiently elastic. Alternatively, if the BDT is expected to appreciate, the market will attract investments. Industry Scene: We invested eleven different industries in total in our three phases. Those industries were Fuel Power, Cement, Bank, Financial Institution, and Food allied, Tannery Industries, Textile, Insurance, Engineering, and Pharmaceuticals Chemicals. The reason behind investing in this type of industries is on that time the for this industries companies shares demand was relatively low than others as a result price was low, and this industries are not dependent each otherââ¬â¢s market position though which helps us to make a more diversified portfolio. Trading Strategies The main tool used in the trading of stocks in all the phases is the Price-earnings ratio. Stocks that had a P/E ratio of less Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-51273218792960439472019-11-27T21:54:00.001-08:002019-11-27T21:54:04.402-08:00Social Loafing free essay sample Working in groups is essential in the business world and in general many of the tasks that humans face cannot be accomplished alone. Although group projects are essential, they can harbor difficulties in communication, time management, coordination and other aspects. One phenomenon that can occur while working in groups is called social loafing. It is the conscious or unconscious decrease in exerted effort in group settings due to the decrease in social awareness. These individuals may exert much more effort when working by themselves but when in a group setting they feel less of a need to do so. Social loafing is a complex physiological subject that is very prevalent in group settings. Social loafing is caused by task interdependence, task visibility, and group size. Although it can be detrimental to the group, there are different tactics to help prevent and cure social loafing. Social loafing is the tendency to reduce individual effort when working in groups compared to the individual effort used when working alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Loafing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is similar to ââ¬Ëfree ridingââ¬â¢, a concept in which an individual does not bear a proportional amounts of work but shares all of the benefits of the group. Many studies conclude that individuals frequently exert less effort on collective tasks. An early example done in 1913 by a German researcher tested the size of a team verses the effort expended. He had teams do a rope pulling experiment and noted that was the number of group members increased, there was a decrease in overall performance. Social loafing is caused by a few different psychological tendencies. The first is called task interdependence. This is the degree of task-driven interaction among group members. If individuals perceive their tasks as more interdependent, they may find it difficult to feel a sense of personal achievement in their work. They may withhold their effort when conditions do now allow them to exhibit their accomplishments. With high task interdependence, individuals may feel that their efforts are indistinguishable from their coworkers. The second tendency is called task visibility. It is an individual belief that a supervisor is aware of their efforts. When tacks are not highly visible by others, they may not want to exert a high level of effort because there is no punishment from exerting low effort. Lastly, the size of the group can have an effect on social loafing. As a group size increases in size, individuals feel more anonymous and therefore contribute less consciously or unconsciously. It may also be more difficult to assess each group memberââ¬â¢s contribution to projects when there are lots of members. The issue of social loafing is easily remedied if a few precautions are taken for group projects. It is important to articulate a role to each individual in the group and how that role plays a part in the completion of the group goal. Within each of the roles given to members, they should have specific, short-term, deliverable and measurable goals that can be tied directly to that individual. Evaluate each person based on these individual goals and reward those that meet and surpass their goals. Lastly, keeping the groups at a reasonable size for the task can prevent social loafing. If everyone in the group has a task, they will be less likely to cause social loafing. In conclusion, Bibliography http://www. radford. edu/~jaspelme/_private/gradsoc_articles/social%20loafing/Individual%20differences2. pdf http://comm. colorado. edu/~kuhnt/1600/liden. pdf http://www. joshuakennon. com/mental-model-social-loafing/ Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-82779961328343591962019-11-24T05:29:00.001-08:002019-11-24T05:29:03.576-08:0020 Environment Project Topics on Waste Management20 Environment Project Topics on Waste Management Welcome to the second article in the three part series covering the subject matter of waste management. This article will discuss the meaning of waste management; provide 20 environment project topics and a sample article on how to go about drafting any of the topics for your own particular project. Waste management are all the processes involved with managing waste- both solid and liquid- from its inception to its final disposal. The problem of efficiently managing waste is a global one which means it is up to every individual to discuss the need for efficiency in a bid to raise awareness on its effect on earthââ¬â¢s ecosystem. To simplify the task of handling a project on waste management, 20 environment projects will be outlined below which you can chose from if any difficulties arise in coming up with your own. The support doesnââ¬â¢t end there, for a sample written project will also be included in the concluding parts of this article to provide you with an excellent example on how to proceed with yours. As expected, all educational projects are scored for their originality and lack of plagiarism. So it is expected that you use this article as a guideline to provide the needed directions as you progress with your project. So here are the 20 topics on waste management: The Importance of Waste Management to Environmental Sanitation Evaluating the Problems of Solid Waste Management on the Global Stage The Need for Effective Waste Management Policies The Environmental and Health Effects of Waste Management The Importance of Recycling to Waste Management Environmental Impact of Waste Disposal How to Develop an Effective Waste Management and Disposal Strategy Why the Reuse and Recycling of Plastics Are Essential to Waste Management How Paper, Metal, Wood, Glass and Plastics Are Recycled The 3Rs of Managing Solid Waste: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle The Impact of Recycling in Preserving the Environment Integrating Economic Incentives to Promote Recycling in Waste Management Discussing the Waste Management Expectations of the Future How Creating Recyclable Products Support Effective Waste Management The Impact of Inefficient Waste Management to Oceans Managing Electronic Waste to Ensure Green Computing Recycling and Reuse: Alternatives to Waste Management The Effects of Solid Waste to Business Environments Landfill Emissions and Their Impact on the Environment Waste Management and its Effects on Economic Growth These 20 topics should be viewed as environment project topics on waste management and they were provided to aid you in your choice of coming up with a topic for your personal project. Therefore, you can either pick a topic directly from this list or modify one to fit your writing needs. If youââ¬â¢d like to gather more info on the subject, we have a set facts on waste management for an environmental project and a separate project guideline piece should you need one. Also take note that below is a sample project written using a topic from this list as its inspiration. Sample Environmental Project: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle or the 3Rs of Managing Solid Waste This project was written as a means to introduce the ââ¬Ë3Rsââ¬â¢ of waste management to the publicââ¬â¢s awareness. Although most people are now familiar with the term recycling, which is a part of the 3Rs, knowledge on the remaining two which makes up this trinity are still obscure to a large subset of our population. The Rââ¬â¢s in the trinity of the 3Rs are acronyms for the term Reduce, Reuse and Recycle as can be seen in the topic heading of my project. And the meaning and the role they play on solid waste management will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Globally, humans of the world are currently producing more garbage or solid waste that now test the capacity of our landfills and studies have shown that the traditional methods of waste disposal such as the use of incinerators and burying garbage could affect the environment and our health negatively. These negative effects are due to gas emissions from incinerators and noxious smells which is why it is very important for there to be more eco-friendly alternatives to manage waste. This need has in part been met by the 3Rs- Reduce, Reuse and Recycle- which in terms of waste management mean: Reduce- as individuals we should buy only what we require thereby reducing the household waste we produce. Reuse- if we need to acquire goods, purchasing used ones or eco-friendly substitutes is encouraged or we can reuse our old packages in creative ways. Recycle- when discarding waste, we must consider ways of recycling or reusing them before taking the last option which is to discard. Applying the 3Rs in Everyday Conduct Many nations have begun to integrate the 3Rs into their official waste management policies, some examples include the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) in Ireland and Mexicoââ¬â¢s Solid Waste Act which were put into place to drastically reduce how waste was produced and managed in these countries. The 3Rs can be applied in line with government policies in the following ways: Reduce: manufacturing companies are tasked with reducing the amount of raw materials used in making products from scratch. Then individuals should consider not purchasing products that can be replaced by technology or the reuse of other items. An example is opting out of your local phonebook or TV guide subscription lists which are now easily accessed online. The average person in the United States throws away 600 times the size of his or her body weight in garbage and reducing what we buy will drastically affect these numbers. Reuse: unlike recycling, the alternative to reuse items is yet to catch on in consumer societies but individuals can take the first step reusing containers, giving outgrown clothes to friends or charity as well as donating electrical appliances or furniture to people in need. A reuse policy can also be initiated by the government thereby reducing the approximately 50 million tons of electronic waste produced globally. Recycling: manufacturing and purchase of recyclable products have been given a lot of media exposure in the past as well as currently and this has improved the waste management practices on the global scale. Countries such as Switzerland, Germany and Holland currently recycle 60% of the total waste its citizenââ¬â¢s produce and if this could be adopted by more nations, the earthââ¬â¢s ecosystem will definitely be healthier for all. The 3R are procedures every one of us can implement in his or her household without incurring any extra expenses. So what stops you from reusing that old can, donating to Salvation Army or using the recycle bins at work? References: Jean, B. (2013). Waste Management. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter10.pdf Galle, J. Samuelsson, B. (2001). Measurements of methane emissions from landfills. Hoornweg, D. (1999). What a waste: solid waste management in Asia Huang, Q. Wang, L. (2006). The current situation of solid waste management in China. Johannessen, M. Boyer, G. (1999). Observations of solid waste landfills in developing countries: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Monhanty, C. (2011). Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (the 3Rs) and Resource Efficiency as the basis for Sustainable Waste Management https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/dsd/csd/csd_pdfs/csd-19/learningcentre/presentations/May%209%20am/1%20-%20Learning_Centre_9May_ppt_Mohanty.pdf Rhonda, S. (2014). How Your Business Can Cut Costs by Reducing Waste. https://www.bae.ncsu.edu/topic/vermicomposting/pubs/ag473-10-bus-cut-costs.html Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-29992468789582331822019-11-21T06:41:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:41:13.717-08:00Ethical and Legal Aspects of Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsEthical and Legal Aspects of Healthcare - Essay Example Additionally, the procedure, if widely available, would lessen the urgency to make available new medicines designed to extend life. Those who are against the procedure on religious grounds contend that it is ââ¬Ëplaying Godââ¬â¢ consequently sinful. Health care professionals refer to the Hippocratic Oath which prohibits them from performing this procedure. This discussion will examine the moral and legal concerns surrounding euthanasia, explain the meaning of the term, give arguments for the practice and end with a recommendation to solve the issue. Euthanasia describes a circumstance in which an incurably ill patient is given a mortal dose of medication, is detached from a life-support system or is basically allowed to die without active involvement for example by resuscitation. A physicianââ¬â¢s involvement in the procedure could be to either intravenously insert a needle into the terminal patient who themselves activate a switch that delivers the fatal dose or to order a lethal dose of drugs with the express intention of ending a life. (Naji et al, 2005). Euthanasia by doctors as well as non-physicians has been lawful in Switzerland since WWII. Additionally, three organizations within the nation have been formed to help terminally ill patients. They supply patient counseling in addition to the medications for use in the procedure. Lethal injections, however, are not permissible. The atypical situation in Switzerland holds that euthanasia is allowed as long as a doctor is not involved in the process (Hurst & Mauron, 2003). Euthanasia has been legally permissible in Belgium since 2002. Each circumstance must be reviewed by two doctors prior to the procedure being performed by either injection or ingestion. In The Netherlands, euthanasia has been legal for seven years but has been tolerated for a quarter century. The directive for physicians stipulated by the government include; ââ¬Å"the patient must be suffering unbearably and have no hope of improv ement, must ask to die and the patient must clearly understand the condition and prognosis (and) a second doctor must agree with the decision to help the patient dieâ⬠(ââ¬Å"The Fightâ⬠, 2004). Advocates of euthanasia are concerned with people suffering. Many diseases such as cancer often result in a protracted and excruciatingly agonizing death. Witnessing a loved one as they slowly wither away from the malady eating away at their bodily organs is rough enough for their family members, but to see them in severe pain even when drugs are given is unbearable not to mention the agony the patient must endure. This physically and emotionally torturous circumstance occurs in every hospital, every day of the year yet serves no good purpose. To many people, it is unthinkable to allow anyone, for instance, a sweet grandmother who has spent her entire adult life caring for other people, to spend the last months of their life suffering from continuous pain, incapable of controlling bodily functions, coughing, vomiting, convulsing, etc. The emotional pain for both the patient and family is unimaginably horrendous as well. If grandma were an animal most all regardless of ideology would agree that the only compassionate choice would be to ââ¬Ëput her to sleep.ââ¬â¢ American citizens are guaranteed certain inalienable rights but not the right to ââ¬Ë Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-45562308086994137522019-11-20T07:20:00.001-08:002019-11-20T07:20:05.836-08:00Images of Organizations at Four Seasons Hotels AssignmentImages of Organizations at Four Seasons Hotels - Assignment Example This section describes how the Four Seasons Hotel can be viewed from the perspective of the eight metaphors developed by Morgan (1989). These include organizations as instruments of domination, flux, organisms, brains, machines, cultures, psychic prisons and political systems and transformation.The machine metaphor can be seen at work in the Four Seasons Hotel. The machine metaphor implies concepts such as efficiency of the operations and reduction of waste. Taylorââ¬â¢s principles of scientific management reflect the metaphor of organizations as machines. At the Four Seasons Hotel, the scheduling of various activities such as housekeeping and maintenance of inventory levels can be interpreted through the image of machines. Schedules of housekeeping, preparation of different meals throughout the day and maintenance of standardized service are all examples of the machine metaphor at work. The Four Seasons Hotel can also be viewed as an organism. This image is based on the perceptio n of the hotel as undergoing a process of evolution to ensure its survival. The responses of the management to the environmental changes can be interpreted as the response of a living organism to its natural environment. An example of the metaphor at work would be the changes in room rates throughout the year depending on the busy or slow season. Karmin (2013) explains that high earnings by competitors may motivate the owners of the Four Seasons Hotel to become a public limited company by issuing shares.à Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-6047697764492389262019-11-17T21:00:00.001-08:002019-11-17T21:00:05.403-08:00Quality assessment at bank call centre Research PaperQuality assessment at bank call centre - Research Paper Example is a need to decrease variation so that proper attention can be given to continuous improvement in what is provided to the customers as is demanded by the customers. Another philosophy which needs to be established as a central part of the organization is the crucial need to implement correct controls along with proper techniques so that improvement can be made whenever it is required and is possible. As a student, it is very important for us to properly understand and realize the importance quality holds for organizations, specially the service sector which constantly is informing its employeeââ¬â¢s importance of quality to make them an important customer segment. After a lot of research, finally we were able to find a bank which is providing proper service to its customers which is ICICI bank.à à At ICICI Bank, all the banking and also financial products are offered to the corporate and also retail customers , they are using a variety of delivery channels and also through their subsidiaries which are specialized in life and also non-life insurance, investment banking also also asset management and venture capital. The bank is operating in India, Russia, Canada, Hong Kong, China and also United Kingdom.ICICI equity shares are basically listed in India on National Stock Exchange of India Limited and also Bombay Stock Exchange. American depositary Receipts are basically listed on New York Stock Exchange. Company was basically promoted during the year 1994 and was by ICICI limited which is an Indian Financial Institution and was also wholly owned through subsidiary. ICICI has board comprising of eminent individuals who are wealthy and also have international business experience related to financial services, banking and also management consulting. ICICI is providing innovati on in banking services which are liked and recognized all over the world. They have properly managed idea along with innovative products and also launches. Bank is also involved in engaging Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8781457961318810861.post-67741097959986819212019-11-15T09:32:00.001-08:002019-11-15T09:32:10.550-08:00Marketing Mix: Tactical Components To Promote SalesMarketing Mix: Tactical Components To Promote Sales Carlsberg is also one of the largest brewers in Europe. Moreover, Carlsberg is headquartered in Valby in Copenhagen, Denmark. Carlsberg beer portfolio includes more than 500 brands and they are varies significantly in term of volume, price, target audience and geographic penetration. The companys main brand is Carlsberg Beer but it also brews Tuborg as well too. In January 2001, Carlsberg breweries decided to merge with the Norwegian brewery group Orkla ASA and later Carlsberg has become the fifth largest brewery group in the world. Currently, Povl Krogsgaar-Larsen is the Chairman of the Executive Board of Carlsberg Foundation while Jess Soderberg is the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Board of Carlsberg Foundation. Meanwhile, Flemming Besenbacher is one of the members of the Executive Board of Carlsberg Foundation from 2005 until today. 1.1 History Background Carlsberg was constituted in 1847 by J.C. Jacobsen on a hill at Valby. In order to expand the brand name of Carlsberg, it decided to start its exportation in the year 1868. In 1870, Carlsberg had started to become a very successful brewery and the founder, J.C. Jacobsen wanted to share his business with his country. In 1875, the Carlsberg Research Centre was established to research on scientific problem related to brewing and pioneered the very latest brewing technology and techniques. There are more than 1000 scientists devoted to the art of quality beer manufacturing currently. J.C. Jacobson established the Carlsberg Foundation in 1876. In the year 1906, the Old Carlsberg and New Carlsberg have merged and changed the name to Carlsberg breweries due to the division of production was not viable in the long term. As for today, Carlsberg is the beer for modern young people who speak one language in the world with no boundaries. As for information, the Carlsberg brand also provides support to various contests in the world, such as golf tournaments in Asia and English Liverpool Football Club. Carlsberg has it owns organization target, mission and vision. The mission of Carlsberg Company is to be a dynamic provider of quality beers and its also bring its exciting brand, innovative culture and committed teams which will brings people together and add more enjoyment in life. Furthermore, their companys vision is probably the leading the beer company among the world in order to become the first choice of the consumers, customers and employees and also by fully understanding their needs and proactively driving market development. 2.0 What is Marketing Mix? Marketing mix is a combination of tactical components to promote the sales of a product or service (MarketingTeacher, 2010). The firm can control the marketing mix in order to achieve specific goals within a dynamic marketing environment. Basically, the major marketing decision can be divided into four categories which are known as product, price, promotion and place (also known as 4Ps). Product Product is a complex combination of tangible and intangible attributes that provide satisfaction and benefits to the society such as the good, service and idea (Prentice Hall, 2008). When marketing a product, entrepreneurs need to consider and decide the factors which are quality, design, features, variety, utility, branding, packaging and labeling of a particular product. Carlsberg decided to carry out line extensions to extend its brand names to new forms, colors, sizes, ingredients or flavor of its existing product categories (Prentice Hall, 2008). Carlsberg has produced various types of beers in the market throughout the globe and they also try to launch different flavors of beers as they know that individual has different taste and preference for the beer products. By doing this, Carlsberg can be able to satisfy the consumers needs and wants. These are the popular types of beers of Carlsberg: Carlsberg Elephant Carlsberg Lager Tabor Gold Special Brew Tabor Green Danish Royal Stout Ginseng Carlsberg is made from pale lager malt, bittering hops, aroma hops and Carlsberg bottom fermenting yeast. However, Carlsberg has launched different types of beer which can match with various types of dishes, such as seafood, vegetarian, cheese and others (CarlsbergGroup, 2010). Carlsbergs beer products are considered as the convenience goods in consumer product due to the beer products is considered as an inexpensive item which consumers buy frequently and do not do much comparison with other substitute beer products. So, Carlsberg company will differentiate their beer products, produce quality beers, create nice style and design, wrap with unique packaging and labels in order to distinguish itself with its competitors in the global market, such as Heineken and Tiger. Besides, the raw materials that used to produce the beers are the malted barley, hops, yeast, gluten and water. The quality level is different with its competitors in the market because the type of the raw materials that Carlsberg used is not the same. For example, the ways they planted the hops which is one of the raw ingredients are different, so it will end up with different kind of taste. There are also some safety policies in Carlsberg, each of every branch that brews Carlsberg under license, they need to send every type of beers of its sample for once a month for the tasting panel to test in order to ensure the quality of the products (CarlsbergGroup, 2010). So, Carlsberg can consistently deliver the quality that customers pay for. However, one of the Carlsbergs competitors, Heineken, the company produced Buckler which is one of their beer products that is non-alcoholic. So, Heineken can target those young adults and all the religions in the world to buy its non-alcoholic products. Carlsberg did not produce any non-alcohol drink and it might lose its sales because Heineken targets all the consumers irregardless their religion in order to boost up their sale and competed with Carlsberg. Therefore, Carlsberg should also produce non-alcohol drink in order to compete with its tough competitors, Heineken. 3.1 Packaging In the packaging aspect, Carlsberg company uses aluminium cans and glass bottle which can be recycled. The purpose of the packaging is to protect the product from damage and assist retailers in attracting attention to the product (Prentice Hall, 2008). The diagram below shows the difference between the packaging designs of the Carlsberg Lager. BEFORE AFTER Changes of the packaging design of Carlsberg Lager. By doing this, Carlsberg can create instant consumer recognition of the company or brand. Moreover, by making the packaging design unique, Carlsberg can competes with its competitors and its products packaging can also catch the attention of the consumers even if its products are on the same retail store shelves with other substitute beers. For example, Carlsberg started to use environmentally responsible packaging materials and packaging the Carlsberg lager into a unique style glass bottle and less used of papers on it. However, some elderly customers might not be able to see the words that are curved on the Carlsberg Lagers bottle and end up buying other substitute beers that the words can be see clearly. So, Carlsberg should also pay attention on the minority consumers and improve its packaging to look more outstanding than the other beer brands in the market. 3.2 Labeling Labels can be ranged from simple tags attached to products to complex graphics that are part of the package (Prentice Hall, 2008). Moreover, Carlsberg labels its products might also help to promote its products and also support its positioning. As for information, majority of the consumers will look at the percentage of the alcohol of the beer products and they prefer to buy those beer products contain with high percentage of alcohol. Carlsberg labels their beer products in detail: Carlsberg Special Brew It contains 12kcal of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 2.6g of alcohol. Carlsberg Lager It contains 12kcl of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 1.1g of alcohol. Tabor It contains 12kcl of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 1.4g of alcohol. Carlsberg Elephant It contains 13.75kcl of calories, 1.3g of carbohydrates, and 2.9 g of alcohol. Danish Royal Stout Ginseng It contains 15kcl of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 0.1g of alcohol. Tabor Gold It contains 12kc of calories, 1.1g of carbohydrates, and 2.3g alcohol. Besides that, Carlsberg ensures that their labels contain all the required information and also stated on its products that young adults who are below the age of 18 could not consume its beer products. 3.3 Branding Branding is important to the company because branding can add value to a product. Consumers prefer to buy goods by viewing the brand of the particular goods in the market. Since 1904, Carlsberg has a strong and well-known brand name in the beer industry. The slogan of Carlsberg is Probably the best lager in the world. Previously, Carlsbergs original logos include the swastika and an elephant. However, the world famous Carlsberg logo was introduced by Thorvald Bindesbell in the year 1904, for the launch of Carlsberg pilsner (Logo Design, 2010). The crown on the logo stands for the companys association with the Royal Danish Court. Pricing Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service (Prentice Hall, 2008). It is important to set a price for a product to create and capture customer values in the market. In Malaysia, the government has an authority to set the price for Carlsbergs products which is banned from Muslim. Several country like Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Malaysia have implemented piecemeal legislation such as banning the advertising on TV for any alcoholic beverages but the alcohol companies still have the right and freedom to promote their products. In addition to duties and excise tax, the government levies a sales tax of 20 per cent on the Carlsbergs beer product. As Carlsberg consumption is consider as price-sensitive, major changes in taxes may have an impact on demand. In Russia, an extreme 200% increase in excise duties on beer was implemented in January 2010, and in July 2009 the Ukraine implemented a significant increase of 94% in beer excise duty (Bloomberg, 2010). Carlsberg has carry out thorough scenario planning for 2010 and subsequent years based on already known and anticipated increases in beer excise duty levels. The scenarios include evaluation of prices, packaging and product mix, regional and national market positions and microeconomic factors such as changes in supply and demand for various input costs. Price list of Carlsberg Products The tables above show the price list of the product of both company according to the types of beers and the size volume of the beers. We have converted the price of each product from the United State Dollar ($) to Ringgit Malaysia (RM). 4.1 Internal and external considerations Every country has different pricing for Carlsbergs beer products. For example, Malaysia is an Islamic country. So, malays are not allowed to consume alcoholic drinks. The price of Carlsberg in Malaysia supposedly to be charged in a lower price compared to non-Islamic country. There are some areas in Malaysia which have duty-free for Carlsberg such as Pulau Langkawi. 4.2 Pricing Strategies Price-Adjustment Strategies Segmented pricing: Segmented pricing is to adjust the price to allow for differences in customers, products or locations (Prentice hall, 2008). Carlsberg company uses location pricing, so the price of Carlsberg can be adjusted and flexible but it depends on different country and even in restaurants. Carlsberg focus their sales in pub, restaurants or clubbing place. For instance, comparing the price of Carlsberg between pub and mini market, it seems obviously that the price of Carlsberg in pub would be relatively higher than mini market because people who go to pub are found to be able to afford it and the area of the pub is considered as high class. Carlsberg implements Everyday low pricing (EDLP) which involves charging a constant everyday low price with few or no temporary price discounts. It usually will have some discounts during the festival seasons like Chinese New Year and Christmas. Besides that, Carlsberg use pricing at or near which is one of the pricing strategies. There are few substitute beer products in the market, so the price of the Carlsbergs products will be the same or slightly different with the other substitute beer products. Thus, it can prevent the happening of the price war between Carlsberg and other beer brands. As for information, the price of Carlsbergs products are cheaper compared to the price of Heinekens product but it is slightly lower than the price of Heinekens product. However, the price of Carlsberg and Tiger are the same regardless the size of the beer or packaging. This will be tough for Carlsberg to boost up its sales due to the price for Carlsberg and Tiger are the same in the market. Carlsberg can increase its sales by improving the quality of the beers and give out free gift whenever consumers purchase a carton of Carlbergs beer products. By giving out free gift or limited edition stuff, it will attract the consumers to buy Carlsbergs beer products rather than buying other substitute beer brands in the market. 5.0 Promotion: Carlsberg is well-known in 105 countries such as Japan, Australia, Africa, China, India, and Malaysia, etc and sold in more than 150 markets. Besides that, Carlsberg has adopted some aggressive promotions around the world to pursuit people consume and aware it. In order to compete with its competitors, promotion must be done in order to increase the reputation, generate sales and profits. There are few strong beer brand eager to compete with Carlsberg since Carlsberg is an international business which have branches all around the world, such as Asia, Europe, and other countries. Promotion tactics for Carlsberg are advertising, public relations, sale promotion and personal selling. Moreover, Carlsberg is creating brand awareness in the public. Its public relations is Carlsberg Hue Zing Education Fund (CEF) which give out Studies Loan to all Malaysian citizens who are enrolled in local or foreign institutions of higher learning hold certificate in UEC, SPM or STPM, or any higher certificate. In the Year 2009, the Carlsberg Hue Zing Education Fund had allocated about RM450, 000 which had aided 31 students in need of financial assistance. By doing this, Malaysia citizens will have a good impression on Carlsberg and tend to consume its beer products due to other beer brands never adopt this strategy to create awareness for their products. Carlsberg was crowned the Grand Prize winner of the 11 annual Chinese New Year greeting advertisement award organized by China Press and Nan yang Siang Pau. It cleverly illustrates the transformation of the Chinese character from Ox to Life by adding the iconic Carlsberg swoosh. Furthermore, Carlsberg also have produced their own bottle opener which had their brand name on stated on it. The Glass Beer which label with the logo and Carlsberg Pilsner is also one of the promotion for Carlsberg in Malaysia. 5.1 Advertising Case 1 The contest open to all non-Muslim residents of Malaysia ONLY. Join the Carlsberg Monaco Promotion Contest now and you could win yourself an all expenses paid holiday on private yacht in Monaco. Buy the Carlberg beers that carry a scratch-to-win sticker , scratch it to get the code and submit the code complete with a slogan I am inspired à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. (in 20 words or less) using SMS or via the website. For more informations, terms and conditions , please visit the contests site. Prizes : Grand Prize: 7D/6N all expenses paid holiday on private yacht in Monaco for 4 person Special Prize: 11 x 3D/2N paid holiday and yacht experience in Langkawi for 2 persons Weekly Prize: 15 x iPOD Shuffle (1GB) Contest End : On 25th May 2007 Posted: April 30, 2007 by ContestStation.net in Buy Win Contests As the case 1 above, we can see that in order to increase their sales, Carlsberg create a campaign, which provide scratch-to-win sticker to some Carlsberg beer and the participants are required to provide a slogan with the requirement, free traveling is available if they win in the competition. Meanwhile, Carlsberg can also get some inspiration of Slogan from customers and knows more about their consumers. This will create a win-win situation which both the consumers and Carlsberg gain benefit too. In this case, Carlsberg shows that they take importance on the political environment on Malaysia. Malaysia is an Islamic country and alcoholic drinks is illegal in the past, after few years, the government allowed alcoholic drinks to be imported into Malaysia but with the condition that Islamic people are not allowed to purchased or consumed alcoholic drinks. So, Carlsberg only opened this competition for non-Muslim which they are allowed to purchase alcoholic drinks. This shows that Carlsberg did a research before they conduct this activity in Malaysia. Assuming if Carlsberg ignore the rule and regulations, the government will take action on them, or even banned them from importing the alcoholic drinks to Malaysia. 5.2 Direct Mail Direct Mail is a method of advertising to increase the awareness of what promotion does the company had. It is now being claimed that is the fastest and the most saving cost in order to advertise. Carlsberg company spends money on buying the database to record the customers information, such as income level, race, age, taste and preference. By doing this, mailing to the right consumers to promote Carlsbergs beer products will be much more effective than mailing to those consumers who are not interested in alcoholic drinks. So, Carlsberg can send promotion via email to the customers to inform them about their new beer products and contest. However, one of the problems being faced by Carlsberg is that their name was being used by illegal organization which used their company address to scam people money. As shown in below, one of the consumers received the email which was send by the scammer and the email stated that she won a lottery which up to 650,000.00 Pounds from Carlsberg Beer Carlsberg Malta Company. When she attempted to called the contact number that was provided in the mail, she was shocked to find out that the people ask her to pay a few thousand pounds for the bank transfer fees before she can get the rewards. Date: Sun, 29 Jun 2008 03:27:09 -0600 (MDT) From: Carlsberg Company Promotion [emailprotected] Reply-To: [emailprotected] Subject: You Won 650.000.00 Pounds Sterlings: File For Clam now Carlsberg UK Ltd, Jacobsen House 140 Bridge Street, Northampton, NN1 1PZ ***PROMOTION NOTIFICATION*** Dear Winner, This is to inform you of the Award of Six Hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds (650,000.00 Pounds) from Carlsberg Beer Carlsberg Malta Company.This Promotion Award is to raise the profile of Carlsberg Beer Carlsberg Malta Products consumers males / females in rural and urban Areas. The online promotions email lists were generated from the World Wide Web. This promotion takes place annually to challenge and to take market share from the popular Dutch import beer. The tactics included live events, local campaigns and general buzz to establish the brand one neighborhood at a time in major urban / rural Areas.Your Email Ref Number falls within our European booklet representatives office in United Kingdom . In view of this, your Award of Six Hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds Sterlings (650,000.00 Pounds Sterlings) will be released to you by will commence the process to facilitate the release of your funds as soon as you contact him, find below the contact details Mr. Edward Phil Processing Director. Email: [emailprotected] Tel: +44 70457 24289 He will brief you on steps to be taken for due processing and remittance of your prize money. File in for your Claims by Furnishing your Fiduciary Agent the information below. VERIFICATION AND FUNDS RELEASE FORM 1. FULL NAMES:________________ 2. ADDRESS:_________City_________State________Postcode_______Country_____ 3. SEX:________________ 4. AGE:________________ 5. OCCUPATION:________________ 6. TELEPHONE NUMBER:________________ 7. NATIONALITY:____________________ Mode Of Transfer: (Bank to Bank online Transfer) From the management of Carlsberg Company UK we would like to say a big congratulation to you Sincerely, Mrs. Dianne Thompson Online Coordinator, Carlsberg Beer Malta Breweries In this case, Carlsberg should be aware of scam organization in the world and it should start to take actions to solve the serious scamming problems which will harm the company brand name in the future. Carlsberg can publishes through newspaper or via Email that they would never organize any contest which will need the customers to bank in a certain amount of money in order to win prizes. The promotion mix of Carlsberg is not very efficient because it is lacked of public relation. Therefore, if the consumers give any comments or suggestions, Carlsberg can make any adjustment to fulfill the consumer wants and improve their beer products quality in the future. 6.0 Place: Carlsberg company distributes its products throughtout the world. Carlsberg has divided their market into four groups which are Afica and Middle East, Americas, Asia and Europe. There are about 45,000 people are working for Carlsberg Group. Besides that, Carlsbergs products are available in exactly 314 countries all over the world. Furthermore, Carlsberg also has the same distribution channel with Heineken (its competitor) such as the wholesale distribution and retail distribution to distribute their products to the customers. Carlsberg will deliver their products to a combination of convience store or hypermarkers like Tesco or Jusco. Carlsberg does not have any distrbution center like Heineken or Tiger because Carlsberg focus on the retail distribution to distribute their products. Some of the example of the retail distribution are the pubs, clubs or bars. Carlsberg will establish alliance with some of the retail distribution to increase their sales. The market of Carlsberg in Africa is categorized according to the geographical. They made the segmentation into West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, Eastern Africa and also North Africa. The Carlsberg Group has been active in western Africa for many years. In central Africa, currently there are only four markets present in Central Africa which is Gabon, Congo, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. In Cameroon, Les Brasseries du Cameroun has been producing Tuborg Gold locally since 1979, along with the range of local brands. Cameroon is a very competitive market compared to the rest of the region, with the consumption of 25 liters per person per year. In December 1969, Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia Berhad began brewing with Carlsberg Green Label beer locally in 1972. The Carlsberg brand had become the part of daily life and it is now the undisputed market leader with more than a 50% share of the Malaysian beer market. Carlsberg Malaysia has aimed to be at the forefront of innovation and quality and always led the market with dynamic product launches and massive consumer campaigns. In 2008, Carlsberg Green Label received Malaysias Gold Most Trusted Brand Award for the ninth consecutive year in the Readers Digest consumer survey. In the same year, Carlsberg Malaysia was also announced as the winner of the 2008 Strongest Winning Culture Award amongst all the Carlsberg Group Company across the world. Furthermore, Carlsberg company plans to enter into the Germanys market. There are about 1300 breweries in Germany which is quite a lot of number compare to other small retails. The Germany beer is known as Carlsberg Deutschland. The Germany beer market has been rather sheltered from the rest of the world because of the German Reinheitsgebot regulation, which dated back to the year of 1516. In 2004, Carlsberg acquires a majority shareholding in Holsten-Brauerei. The market position of Carlsberg in Northern Germany is second, while at the whole Germany is the fifth. As for the distribution part, we suggest that Carlsberg should follow the steps of Heineken and Tiger (its competitors) to open several distribution center in many countries, so that the consumers can be able to consume Carlsbergs beer products at anytime and anywhere. Besides that, Carlsberg should also built some distribution center at the rural area, although the place was not well developed. By doing this, more and more people will start to know Carlsbergs brand name throughout the world regardless in the city or rural area. Stem Cells: History, Properties and Research Stem Cells: History, Properties and Research History Stem cellsà areà cellsà found in all multi cellularà organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves throughà mitoticà cell division andà differentiateà into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings byà Ernest A. McCullochà and James E. Tillà at theà University of Torontoà in the 1960s The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are:à embryonic stem cellsà that are isolated from theà inner cell massà ofà blastocysts, andà adult stem cellsà that are found in adult tissues. In a developingà embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all of the specialized embryonic tissues. In adultà organisms, stem cells andà progenitor cellsà act as a repair system for the body, replenishing specialized cells, but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues. Stem cells can now be grown and transformed into specialized cells with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves throughà cell culture. Highly plastic adult stem cells from a variety of sources, includingà umbilical cord bloodà andà bone marrow, are routinely used in medical therapies. Embryonicà cell linesà andà autologousà embryonic stem cells generated throughà therapeutic cloningà have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies Contents (Jump to) 1à Properties 1.1à Self-renewal 1.2à Potency definitions 1.3à Identification 2à Embryonic 3à Adult 4à Amniotic 5à Induced pluripotent 6à Lineage 7à Treatments 8à Research patents 9à Key research events 10à References Properties The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties: Self-renewalà the ability to go through numerousà cyclesà ofà cell divisionà while maintaining the undifferentiated state. Potencyà the capacity toà differentiateà into specialized cell types. In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be eitherà totipotentà orà pluripotentà to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, althoughà multipotentà orà unipotentà progenitor cellsà are sometimes referred to as stem cells. Self-renewal Two mechanisms exist to ensure that the stem cell population is maintained: Obligatory asymmetric replicationà a stem cell divides into oneà daughter cellà that is identical to the original stem cell, and another daughter cell that is differentiated Stochastic differentiationà when one stem cell develops into two differentiated daughter cells, another stem cell undergoesà mitosisà and produces two stem cells identical to the original. Potency definitions Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner mass cells within a blastocyst. The stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only the morulas cells are totipotent, able to become all tissues and a placenta. Humanà embryonicà stem cells A: Cell colonies that are not yet differentiated. B:à Nerveà cell Potencyà specifies the differentiation potential (the potential to differentiate into different cell types) of the stem cell. Totipotentà (a.k.aà omnipotent) stem cells can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types. Such cells can construct a complete, viable, organism.à These cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent. Pluripotentà stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly all cells,à i.e. cells derived from any of the threeà germ layers. Multipotentà stem cells can differentiate into a number of cells, but only those of a closely related family of cells. Oligopotentà stem cells can differentiate into only a few cells, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells. Unipotentà cells can produce only one cell type, their own,à but have the property of self-renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells (e.g. muscle stem cells). Identification The practical definition of a stem cell is the functional definition a cell that has the potential to regenerate tissue over a lifetime. For example, the gold standard test for a bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the ability to transplant one cell and save an individual without HSCs. In this case, a stem cell must be able to produce new blood cells and immune cells over a long term, demonstrating potency. It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual, which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs, demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self-renew. Properties of stem cells can be illustratedà in vitro, using methods such asà clonogenic assays, where single cells are characterized by their ability to differentiate and self-renew.à As well, stem cells can be isolated based on a distinctive set of cell surface markers. However,à in vitroà culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells will behave in a similar mannerà in vivo. Considerable debate exists whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells. Embryonic Embryonic stem cell linesà (ES cell lines) are cultures of cells derived from theà epiblastà tissue of theà inner cell massà (ICM) of aà blastocystà or earliermorulaà stage embryos.à A blastocyst is an early stageà embryo-approximately four to five days old in humans and consisting of 50-150 cells. ES cells areà pluripotentà and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primaryà germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adultà bodyà when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or theà placenta. Nearly all research to date has taken place using mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) or human embryonic stem cells (hES). Both have the essential stem cell characteristics, yet they require very different environments in order to maintain an undifferentiated state. Mouse ES cells are grown on a layer of gelatin and require the presence of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF). Human ES cells are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonicà fibroblasts(MEFs) and require the presence of basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF or FGF-2).à Without optimal culture conditions or genetic manipulation, embryonic stem cells will rapidly differentiate. A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the presence of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins. The transcription factorsà Oct-4,Nanog, andà Sox2à form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency.à The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids SSEA3 and SSEA4 and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research. After nearly ten years of research,à there are no approved treatments using embryonic stem cells. The first human trial was approved by the US Food Drug Administration in January 2009.à However, as of August 2010, the first human trial had not yet been initiated. Although, The first human medical trial for embryonic stem cells started in Atlanta on October 13, 2010 for spinal injury victims. ES cells, being pluripotent cells, require specific signals for correct differentiation if injected directly into another body, ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells, causing aà teratoma. Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face.à Many nations currently haveà moratoriaà on either ES cell research or the production of new ES cell lines. Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, embryonic stem cells remain a the oretically potential source forà regenerative medicineà and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Adult Also known asà somatic stem cells andà germlineà (giving rise to gametes) stem cells, they can be found in children, as well as adults. Stem cell division and differentiation.à A stem cell; B progenitor cell; C differentiated cell; 1 symmetric stem cell division; 2 asymmetric stem cell division; 3 progenitor division; 4 terminal differentiation Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number but can be found in a number of tissues including umbilical cord blood.à A great deal of adult stem cell research has focused on clarifying their capacity to divide or self-renew indefinitely and their differentiation potential.à In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures. Unfortunately, many mice dont live long with stem cell organs. Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell,endothelial stem cell, etc.). Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.à Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses. The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not asà controversialà asà embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of anà embryo. Additionally, because in some instances adult stem cells can be obtained from the intended recipient, (anà autograft) the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent in these situations. Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research. An extremely rich source for adult mesenchymal stem cells is the developing tooth bud of the mandibular third molar. While considered multipotent they may prove to be pluripotent. The stem cells eventually form enamel (ectodrm), dentin,periodontal ligament, blood vessels, dental pulp, nervous tissues, including a minimum of 29 different unique end organs. Because of extreme ease in collection at 8-10 years of age before calcification and minimal to no morbidity will probably constitute a major source for personal banking, research and multiple therapies. These stem cells have been shown capable of producing hepatocytes. Amniotic Multipotent stem cells are also found inà amniotic fluid. These stem cells are very active, expand extensively without feeders and are not tumorigenic.à Amniotic stem cellsà are multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic and also neuronal lines.à All over the world, universities and research institutes are studyingà amniotic fluidà to discover all the qualities of amniotic stem cells, and scientists such asà Anthony Atalaà andà Giuseppe Simonià have discovered important results. From an ethical point of view, stem cells fromà amniotic fluidà can solve a lot of problems, because its possible to catch amniotic stem cells without destroying embryos. For example, the Vatican newspaper Osservatore Romano called amniotic stem cell the future of medicine. Its possible to collect amniotic stem cells for donors or for autologuous use: the first US amniotic stem cells bankà opened in Medford, MA, byà Biocell Centerà Corporationà à and collaborates with various hospitals and universities all over the world Induced pluripotent These are not adult stem cells, but rather reprogrammed cells (e.g. epithelial cells) given pluripotent capabilities. Using genetic reprogramming with proteinà transcription factors, pluripotent stem cells equivalent toà embryonic stem cellsà have been derived from human adult skin tissue.à Shinya Yamanakaà and his colleagues atà Kyoto Universityà used the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4à in their experiments on cells from human faces.à Junying Yu,à James Thomson, and their colleagues at theà University of Wisconsin-Madisonà used a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28,à and carried out their experiments using cells from humanà foreskin. As a result of the success of these experiments,à Ian Wilmut, who helped create the first cloned animalà Dolly the Sheep, has announced that he will abandonà nuclear transferà as an avenue of research. Frozen blood samples can be used as a source of induced pluripotent stem cells, opening a new avenue for obtaining the valued cells. Lineage They ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division (seeà Stem cell division and differentiationà diagram). Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties. Asymmetric division, on the other hand, produces only one stem cell and aà progenitor cellà with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminallyà differentiatingà into a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such asà receptors) between the daughter cells. An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular niche. Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals. Studies inà Drosophilaà germarium have identified the signals dpp and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating. Main article:à Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell The signals that lead to reprogramming of cells to an embryonic-like state are also being investigated. These signal pathways include severalà transcription factorsà including theà oncogeneà c-Myc. Initial studies indicate that transformation of mice cells with a combination of these anti-differentiation signals can reverse differentiation and may allow adult cells to become pluripotent. However, the need to transform these cells with an oncogene may prevent the use of this approach in therapy. Challenging the terminal nature of cellular differentiation and the integrity of lineage commitment, it was recently determined that the somatic expression of combinedà transcription factorsà can directly induce other defined somatic cell fates; researchers identified three neural-lineage-specific transcription factors that could directly convert mouseà fibroblastsà (skin cells) into fully-functionalà neurons. This induced neurons (iN) cell research inspires the researchers to induce other cell types implies thatà allà cells areà totipotent: with the proper tools, all cells may form all kinds of tissue. Treatments Medical researchers believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human disease. A number of adult stem cell therapies already exist, particularlyà bone marrow transplantsà that are used to treatà leukemia.à In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases includingà cancer, Parkinsons disease,à spinal cord injuries,à Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,à multiple sclerosis, andà muscleà damage, amongst a number of other impairments and conditions.à However, there still exists a great deal of social and scientific uncertainty surrounding stem cell research, which could possibly be overcome through public debate and future research, and further education of the public. One concern of treatment is the possible risk that transplanted stem cells could form tumors and have the possibility of becoming cancerous if cell division continues uncontrollably. Stem cells, however, are already studied extensively. While some scientists are hesitant to associate the therapeutic potential of stem cells as the first goal of the research, they find the investigation of stem cells as a goal worthy in itself. Contrarily, supporters of embryonic stem cell research argue that such research should be pursued because the resultant treatments could have significant medical potential. It is also noted that excess embryos created forà in vitro fertilizationà could be donated with consent and used for the research Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is promising or emerging.à Bone marrow transplantation is, as of 2009, the only established use of stem cells. Research patents Theà patentsà covering a lot of work on human embryonic stem cells are owned by theà Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundationà (WARF). WARF does not charge academics to study human stem cells but does charge commercial users. WARF soldà Geron Corp.à exclusive rights to work on human stem cells but later sued Geron Corp. to recover some of the previously sold rights. The two sides agreed that Geron Corp. would keep the rights to only three cell types. In 2001, WARF came under public pressure to widen access to human stem-cell technology. These patents are now in doubt as a request for reviewing theà US Patent and Trademark Officeà has been filed by non-profit patent-watchdogsà The Foundation for Taxpayer Consumer Rights, and theà Public Patent Foundationà as well as molecular biologist Jeanne Loring of the Burnham Institute. According to them, two of the patents granted to WARF are invalid because they cover a technique published in 1993 for which a patent had already been granted to an Australian researcher. Another part of the challenge states that these techniques, developed byà James A. Thomson, are rendered obvious by a 1990 paper and two textbooks. The outcome of this legal challenge is particularly relevant to the Geron Corp. as it can only license patents that are upheld. Key research events January 2008à Robert Lanza and colleagues at Advanced Cell Technology and UCSF create the first human embryonic stem cells without destruction of the embryo January 2008à Development of human cloned blastocysts followingà somatic cell nuclear transferà with adult fibroblasts. February 2008à Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse liver and stomach: these iPS cells seem to be more similar to embryonic stem cells than the previously developed iPS cells and not tumorigenic, moreover genes that are required for iPS cells do not need to be inserted into specific sites, which encourages the development of non-viral reprogramming techniques. March 2008 The first published study of successful cartilage regeneration in the human knee using autologous adult mesenchymal stem cells is published by clinicians from Regenerative Sciences. October 2008à Sabine Conrad and colleagues at Tà ¼bingen, Germany generateà pluripotent stem cellsà from spermatogonial cells of adult human testis by culturing the cells in vitro underà leukemia inhibitory factorà (LIF) supplementation. 30 October 2008à Embryonic-like stem cells from a single human hair. 1 March 2009à Andras Nagy, Keisuke Kaji,à et al.à discover a way to produce embryonic-like stem cells from normal adult cells by using a novel wrapping procedure to deliver specific genes to adult cells to reprogram them into stem cells without the risks of using a virus to make the change. The use ofà electroporationà is said to allow for the temporary insertion of genes into the cell. 28 May 2009à Kimà et al.à announced that they had devised a way to manipulate skin cells to create patient specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), claiming it to be the ultimate stem cell solution. 11 October 2010à First trial of embryonic stem cells in humans References Becker AJ, McCulloch EA, Till JE (1963). Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells.à Siminovitch L, McCulloch EA, Till JE (1963). The distribution of colony-forming cells among spleen colonies.à Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology. Tuch BE (2006). Stem cells-a clinical update.à Australian Family Physician. Hans R. Schà ¶ler (2007). The Potential of Stem Cells: An Inventory. In Nikolaus Knoepffler, Dagmar Schipanski, and Stefan Lorenz Sorgner.à Humanbiotechnology as Social Challenge. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Mitalipov S, Wolf D (2009).à HYPERLINK http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrezartid=2752493Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogrammingHYPERLINK http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrezartid=2752493.à Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnolà Ulloa-Montoya F, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS (Jul 2005). Culture systems for pluripotent stem cells.à J Biosci Bioeng.à Friedenstein AJ, Deriglasova UF, Kulagina NN, Panasuk AF, Rudakowa SF, Luria EA, Ruadkow IA (1974). Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by theà in vitroà colony assay method.à Everlee Munnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13328779058638183975noreply@blogger.com0